<p><strong>This study examines the combustion behavior of B4C/Bi2O3 pyrotechnic delay compositions as sustainable alternatives to conventional materials. Thermodynamic modeling and experimental testing were used to evaluate the influence of compaction pressure, particle size, and granule size on burning performance.</strong></p><p>Results showed that increased compaction reduced burning rates by lowering porosity and shifting combustion from convective to conductive mechanisms. Residue and gas analyses supported a multistage reaction pathway, demonstrating the potential of B4C/Bi2O3 formulations for environmentally improved pyrotechnic applications.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>The original article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964"><strong>Sustainable Pyrotechnics: Combustion Behavior of B<sub>4</sub>C/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> for Delay Compositions</strong></a></h4><p>Danillo F. Vianna Cantini, Vojtěch Pelikán*, Eva Schmidová, Jiří Pachman</p><p>ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964</a></p><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><p><strong>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.</strong></p><div><p>Pyrotechnic delay compositions are formulations designed to create a specific delay time, determined primarily by their burning rate. These compositions are essential in timing energetic events and are used extensively in both civilian and military applications. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> This broad usage leads to diverse motivations for studying such materials. In civilian contexts, such as mining, the focus is typically on safety and cost-effectiveness. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2)</a> For military purposes, reliability and precision are key factors, often with stringent performance requirements. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a></p><p>Pyrotechnic delay compositions are classified based on their combustion behavior into gassy or gasless types. In confined, sealed and obturated environments, gasless compositions are favored, to avoid gas buildup. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,4)</a> However, in unconfined or vented systems, gassy compositions are not problematic. For example, in fireworks, where combustion gases freely dissipate, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> or in vented housings like hand grenades or signaling devices, gassy delays are acceptable. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6)</a></p><p>In gassy compositions, the burning rate is influenced by the loading (or consolidation) pressure. Hot gases generated by the chemical reaction penetrate gas channels (voids) in the material, igniting unreacted material through a process known as convective heating. As loading pressure increases, these voids are gradually reduced, which diminishes convection and subsequently lowers the burning rate. In contrast, for gasless compositions, burning is driven by conductive heating, where heat is transferred through direct particle-to-particle contact, leading to the opposite effect. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7−9)</a></p><p>Historically, up until World War II, black powder served as the foundation for most delay elements. Nowadays, it continues to be utilized for this function and others, but on smaller scales. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> Some more recent and traditional formulations for pyrotechnic compositions include fuels like silicon, boron, tungsten, zinc, iron, zirconium, and manganese. Examples of these are Si/Pb3O<sub>4</sub>, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8,10)</a> B/BaCrO<sub>4</sub> <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a>, W/BaCrO<sub>4</sub>/KClO<sub>4</sub>, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6,11)</a> Zn/PbO<sub>2</sub>, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(12)</a> Fe/BaO<sub>2</sub>, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(13)</a> Zr/KClO<sub>4</sub>, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a> and Mn/PbCrO<sub>4</sub>/BaCrO<sub>4</sub>. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(14)</a></p><p>Currently, researchers are actively developing several new formulations for pyrotechnic delays. One of the main motivations for this is the need to transform these compositions into “greener” ones. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,2)</a> This means that compositions that could cause problems for the environment or human health should be avoided. To achieve this sustainability, the identification and replacement of known or potentially harmful, toxic, and carcinogenic compounds is vital. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10)</a> Heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, toxic gases, volatile organic compounds and known causers of human health problems are examples of such substances to be removed. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,5,15)</a></p><p>Specifically, there are several attempts to replace lead, barium, chromates, and perchlorates. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15)</a> The reason is that most of the established delay formulations used today contain these substances. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,5)</a> Lead, barium and chromium (contained in chromates) are heavy metals and are known to cause serious health problems in human, specially to nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,16)</a> Perchlorates are well-documented substances and are used in various pyrotechnic applications. However, they are widely recognized as contributors to thyroid issues. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a></p><p>From the above, it is clear that modern strategies in pyrotechnics are increasingly focused on developing new materials that prioritize both efficiency and sustainability. This shift imposes numerous restrictions, meaning that formulations must be designed with precise planning and thorough investigation to meet both performance and environmental standards.</p><p>Boron could be considered the ideal fuel for pyrotechnic reactions due to its high energy content. However, it presents combustion issues for its limited reactivity due to boron oxide layer and boron agglomerates formation upon heating. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17)</a> The boron oxide layer acts as a barrier, hindering oxygen (O) diffusion and consequently limiting the oxidation of boron. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18)</a></p><p>Boron carbide (B<sub>4</sub>C) is a natural candidate for combustion processes due to its lower ignition point, which is attributed to its higher reactivity. This reactivity stems from the diffusion of carbon (C) particles, which oxidize into gaseous products. These gaseous products create diffusion channels that penetrate the boron oxide layer, breaking down the layer and agglomerates, thereby further improving the reaction. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18,19)</a> B<sub>4</sub>C presents better combustion properties, with better burning stability and reliable self-propagation, resulting in better combustion efficiency. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17)</a></p><p>Bismuth trioxide (Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) is an attractive oxidizer for pyrotechnic delay compositions due to several advantageous properties. Its high oxygen content and efficient oxygen release facilitate sustained combustion, while its favorable thermal properties, including a relatively low melting and decomposition temperature, ensure that oxygen is available at precisely the right moment to support a controlled reaction. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20)</a> Additionally, Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> high density allows for compact formulations, promoting consistent and reliable burn rates. Also, it has a low heat of formation (approximately −582 kJ/mol), which is crucial to minimize the energy required to initiate its decomposition. This enhances the overall reaction efficiency, allowing Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to rapidly release oxygen without consuming excessive energy, thus ensuring sustainable and stable combustion. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a></p><p>In addition to their technical advantages, Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and B<sub>4</sub>C offer a significant environmental benefit: they are considered more eco-friendly compared to other materials commonly used in pyrotechnic compositions. Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> serves as a less toxic alternative to traditional oxidizers like lead-based compounds, reducing the risk of environmental contamination and exposure to harmful heavy metals. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,8,16)</a> Similarly, B<sub>4</sub>C contributes to cleaner combustion, producing fewer pollutants and minimizing the environmental impact. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a> This makes both materials not only effective but also greener choices for sustainable pyrotechnic applications.</p><h4><strong>2. Experimental Section</strong></h4><h5><strong>2.8. Material Characterization</strong></h5><p>Particle and granule size distribution were measured with a <strong>Malvern Mastersizer 3000</strong> (Malvern Panalytical). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was carried out with a <strong>TESCAN MIRA</strong> (TESCAN) to examine morphology and confirm particle size. A 40 cm<sup>3</sup> combustion chamber was used to analyze pressure profile, quantify solid residues, and collect combustion gases for further analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2392"><strong>Nicolet iS50 FT-IR</strong></a> (Thermo Scientific) and standardized nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) background to identify gas-phase products. Thermal stability and water content assessments were conducted using <strong>TGA</strong> (NETZSCH TG 209 F3 Tarsus) and <strong>DSC</strong> (NETZSCH DSC 200 F3 Maia). Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was performed using a <strong>Bruker Quantax 200</strong> (Bruker) for semiquantitative chemical composition analysis of the combustion residues. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed using a Rigaku MiniFlex diffractometer for complementary phase identification, while surface chemical states were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using a Scienta Omicron ESCA2SR system.</p><h4><strong>3. Results and Discussion</strong></h4><h5><strong>3.7. FTIR Analysis of Combustion Gases</strong></h5><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig10">Figure 10</a> compares the FTIR spectra of combustion chamber gases from stoichiometric (blue) and fuel-rich (red) tests, highlighting CO and CO<sub>2</sub> as the main species, consistent with Horiuchi. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18)</a> Normalizing their absorbance to concentration using standard references yielded CO<sub>2</sub>/CO ratios of 0.67 (stoichiometric) and 0.34 (fuel-rich). However, a quantitative analysis is approximate and inherently imprecise, as potential contamination during gas collection and measurement could affect the results, given the challenge of maintaining a completely controlled internal atmosphere. A small fraction of hydrocarbon species (e.g., CH<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>) was also identified in both samples.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_10_Comparative_FTIR_spectra_of_combustion_gas_compositions_in_a_combustion_chamber_ac7b7daf84.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 10. Comparative FTIR spectra of combustion gas compositions in a combustion chamber." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_10_Comparative_FTIR_spectra_of_combustion_gas_compositions_in_a_combustion_chamber_ac7b7daf84.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1956" height="989"></p><p>While experimental results indicate a higher CO<sub>2</sub> presence than predicted, the overall trend aligns with expectations─higher fuel content shifts combustion products toward less oxidized species. Notably, the identified gaseous products are relatively simple and exhibit low toxicity compared to halogenated or metal-containing species commonly found in traditional pyrotechnic formulations, supporting the potential of this system as a more environmentally friendly alternative.</p><p>Since the reaction involves both condensed-phase reactants and products, characterizing the solid residues is essential to evaluate the extent of reaction and gain insight into the actual progression of the reaction pathway. For this, SEM imaging and EDS analysis were employed to investigate the morphology and elemental composition of the combustion residues.</p><h5><strong>3.8. SEM and EDS of Burning Residues</strong></h5><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a> presents the SEM analysis of solid residues from the combustion of B4. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964/suppl_file/ao5c10964_si_001.pdf">Figure S5</a> exhibits images of the other samples. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a>a shows the top view of the burned delay element, revealing the distribution of residues across the surface, while <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a>b provides a magnified view of a region rich in bright spherical structures. These spheres are likely bismuth that transitioned through a liquid or gaseous phase during the reaction and solidified upon cooling. This phenomenon of spherical formation due to phase transition is well-documented in the literature. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(33)</a></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_11_SEM_analysis_of_B4_after_burning_8fc7a8f520.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 11. SEM analysis of B4 after burning: (a) top view (50 ×) of the burned delay element showing the distribution of solid residues across the surface; (b) magnified view (1 k×) of a region rich in bright spherical structures." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_11_SEM_analysis_of_B4_after_burning_8fc7a8f520.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2092" height="831"></p><h5><strong>3.10. Surface Chemistry of Combustion Residues (XPS)</strong></h5><p>Survey spectrum scans identified the main photoelectron lines corresponding to carbon, oxygen, boron, and bismuth. High-resolution scans for the O 1s, C 1s, B 1s, and Bi 4f regions of B4 are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig19">Figure 19</a>, allowing detailed peak deconvolution and chemical assignment.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_19_XPS_high_resolution_spectra_of_O_1s_C_1s_B_1s_and_Bi_4f_regions_for_B4_5c6064d013.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 19. XPS high-resolution spectra of O 1s, C 1s, B 1s, and Bi 4f regions for B4." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_19_XPS_high_resolution_spectra_of_O_1s_C_1s_B_1s_and_Bi_4f_regions_for_B4_5c6064d013.jpg 214w," sizes="100vw" width="2049" height="1498"></p><p>The analysis confirmed B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as a major surface product and indicated the presence of unreacted B<sub>4</sub>C in the B4 sample through B–C bonds. sp<sup>2</sup> carbon was also detected in B4, suggesting possible graphite formation, as predicted in thermodynamic calculations. A2 showed more Bi<sup>3+</sup> than B4, supporting that the stoichiometric composition had more residual Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, while the fuel-rich B4 sample promoted greater reduction to Bi<sup>0</sup>. The presence of Bi<sup>3+</sup> on the surface observed may result from postcombustion reoxidation of Bi<sup>0</sup>. These results reinforce the proposed reaction pathway and the role of fuel excess in enhancing reaction completeness. In this analysis, the B 1s spectrum further confirms the absence of BN by the lack of B–N peaks, consistent with the EDS results, which also revealed no detectable nitrogen signal.</p><p>All experimental findings contribute to the fundamental understanding of boron carbide and bismuth oxide reactions under both basic and applied conditions, particularly in delay compositions. These results provide new insights into the reaction pathway and the underlying combustion mechanism.</p><h4><strong>4. Conclusions</strong></h4><p>Stoichiometric formulations of B<sub>4</sub>C/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, which ignited when not pressed, failed to burn after being lightly compacted; a fuel-rich composition is necessary to ensure combustion. The fuel-rich compositions ignited readily and maintained combustion without quenching. Water facilitated the granulation process and improved the final composition. With increasing loading pressure, burning rates decrease due to reduced convective heat transfer, leading the combustion process to transition toward a conductive regime. Particle size also impacted combustion, particularly with larger Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particles, which influenced the combustion profile up to a certain threshold. Additionally, the granule size of the final composition was found to alter the burning behavior, with larger granules promoting faster combustion at lower pressures.</p><p>Thermodynamic calculations provided an initial insight into the reaction process. The findings show that the reaction progresses through distinct stages: starting in a solid–solid preignition phase, transitioning to a solid–liquid phase as components melt, and culminating in a gas phase marked by significant product volatilization, illustrating a complete combustion evolution.</p><p>FTIR analysis confirmed that the main gaseous products are CO and CO<sub>2</sub>, indicating reduced environmental toxicity. Elemental and phase analyses confirmed that the reaction followed the expected pathway, with Bi and B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as the predominant products. No Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was detected by XRD, indicating that the oxidizer was fully consumed in the bulk. Morphological analysis of the products suggests that, upon cooling, bismuth solidifies into small metallic spheres, while surface analysis indicates that B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> remains predominantly in the outer layer. Altogether, the results are consistent and complementary, reinforcing the reliability and scientific rigor of the study.</p><p>All these observations accentuate the necessity of conducting experiments under application-specific conditions. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the combustion dynamics of low toxicity B<sub>4</sub>C/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> mixtures but also underscore their potential for practical applications requiring precise delay times and environmental sustainability. The successful use of water as a green solvent further highlights the viability of developing sustainable pyrotechnic compositions. This research advances the field by providing valuable insights into optimizing performance while minimizing environmental impact through careful material selection and process control.</p></div>

Sustainable Pyrotechnics: Combustion Behavior of B4C/Bi2O3 for Delay Compositions

<p><strong>In the week from May 11, the following webinars await you in the field of atomic and molecular spectroscopy and spectrometry</strong></p><blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinars"><strong>👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</strong></a></h4><p><strong>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database</strong> with over <strong>5 500 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars</strong>.</p></blockquote><h5><strong>1. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Uncovering Microplastics: Identification, Quantification, and Exposure Assessment</strong></h5><ul><li>Tu, 12.5.2026 08:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6136">Registration</a></li></ul><p>In this webinar, we will explore complementary analytical solutions for comprehensive microplastics characterization.</p><h5><strong>2. SPECTRO Analytical Instruments: Elemental Analysis of Superalloys: Ensuring Performance in Extreme Applications</strong></h5><ul><li>Tu, 12.5.2026 10:30 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6170">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Learn how accurate elemental analysis ensures superalloy performance, with OES and XRF solutions for reliable quality control from lab to field.</p><h5><strong>3. Agilent Technologies: What have you been smoking? Elemental Analysis in Cannabis and Cannabis Products with ICP-MS</strong></h5><ul><li>Tu, 12.5.2026 20:30 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6063">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Learn how automated calibration and dilution streamline ICP-MS food testing workflows, improving accuracy, traceability, and productivity while addressing rare-earth doubly charged interferences.</p><h5><strong>4. AZoM: Faster REE Exploration Decisions with XRF Technology Explained</strong></h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 16:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6195">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Join the webinar to see how handheld XRF provides a significant advantage in today's fast-paced REE landscape.</p><h5><strong>5. Bruker: Advancing Industrial Metrology Automation with Bruker's Dimension AFMs</strong></h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 17:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6172">Registration</a></li></ul><p>This webinar will explore how Dimension AFM platforms support increasing levels of automation, from scripted measurements to data-driven control.</p><h5><strong>6. Anton Paar: Polymer Rheology: Impact of Humidity on Material Behavior</strong></h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 18:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/5801">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Discover how humidity impacts polymers and soft materials. Learn how moisture alters rheology, tackiness, curing, and flowability through real case studies across films, adhesives, foods, and powders.</p><h5><strong>7. LECO: TOC Determination in Soil and Waste</strong></h5><ul><li>Th, 14.5.2026 14:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6038">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Join this webinar to explore modern methods for TOC determination in soils and waste. Learn how standardized approaches, instrumentation, and method selection influence data quality and regulatory compliance.</p>

Webinars LabRulezICPMS Week 20/2026

<p><strong>Routine chemical analysis typically involves several steps, e.g. selection of procedure, sampling, sample preparation, measurement, result calculation, uncertainty estimation, and reporting to customer. Based on the result, important decisions and actions are taken. The steps before and after the measurement are often referred to as “pre- and post-analytical”. There are many sources of uncertainty associated with this work, some of which can actually limit the overall quality.&nbsp;</strong></p><p><strong>Proficiency testing (PT)</strong> and external quality assessment <strong>(EQA) schemes</strong> are effective means of assessing the quality of routine analyses. However, if there are specific procedures, either before or after the measurement, which are applied to the routine samples, but not to the PT test sample, the result reflects only the quality of part of the measurement process. Pre- and post-analytical PT/ EQA schemes are already widely used in laboratory medicine. The standard ISO 15189, that underpins accreditation of medical laboratories, stresses that EQA schemes should “... <i>have the effect of checking the entire process including pre- and post-examination procedures</i> ...”&nbsp;</p><p>The examples in this leaflet illustrate the potential and importance of pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA. They are intended as an inspiration for the providers to further develop their external quality control activities.</p><h4><strong>Pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA – a means for harmonisation&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>By illustrating, e.g. lack of adherence to guidelines, or variation in sample preparation, or inconsistency in interpretation, pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA schemes pinpoint problems not apparent in other schemes. This may lead to improved harmonisation and changes to guidelines and standards.</p><h4><strong>Example 1: Interpreting clinical chemistry information&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Patient background information together with analytical results can be used to check agreement of interpretational advice given by medical doctors. This type of scheme can, therefore, include both pre- and post-analytical aspects. The provider, e.g. through an expert group, ranks the quality of participants’ response and suggestions, and presents them in the report with comments.</p><h4><strong>Example 2: Sampling requests in microbiology&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Using the scenario of food poisoning, pre- &amp; post-analytical aspects of sampling requests in a microbiology scheme can be highlighted. The provider gives information about food type, symptoms, and incubation time with a simulated sample. Participants choose which organism(s) to test for. The associated laboratory work involves examination of samples, report on method(s) of choice and results. Participants could, e.g. be asked to specify which toxins or pathogens are likely to cause the food poisoning and state whether or not they will disseminate information, e.g. to hospitals or food suppliers. The feedback report would then show the results of each participant together with the comments of the provider.&nbsp;</p><h4><strong>Example 3: Toy testing&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Faulty design, usage and chance play a role in injury and death incidents related to children’s toys. Toy safety is the practice of ensuring that toys are safe, usually through the application of set safety standards. The PT provider sources a toy, performs visual assessment of its homogeneity, and distributes the samples. Participants are requested to assess the toy against the European standard EN 71 and they have to decide which clauses of the standard apply. The clauses chosen define the test(s) to be carried out. The feedback report will contain a “<strong>model answer</strong>” including clauses, tests and labeling requirements (when applicable).&nbsp;</p><h4><strong>Example 4: Monitoring drinking water quality&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>A post-analytical application can be underpinned by legislation and national regulations (Directive 98/83/EC). Participants receive a synthetic drinking water sample with properties close to one or more limiting values. They are requested to deliver results, uncertainties and a “pass/fail” recommendation to the customer. The recommendations of the provider are listed in the feedback report for educational purposes. Information can be fed back also to regulators to serve, e.g. as basis for further discussions.&nbsp;</p><blockquote><h5><strong>More information / further reading&nbsp;</strong></h5><p>Information about PT providers and schemes can be obtained from your national accreditation body, from the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.eptis.org/"><strong>EPTIS website</strong></a> or from other national or international organisations.</p></blockquote>

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<header><h4><strong>Discover Useful Applications for Characterizing These Unique Materials</strong></h4></header><main><div><div><h5><strong>Program</strong></h5><ul><li>Introduction to nanomaterials</li><li>Basic properties and uses</li><li>Relevant thermal analysis techniques</li><li>Industries and suitable investigations</li><li>Application examples for industry and research (DSC, Flash DSC, TGA, and DMA)</li><li>Interactive Q&amp;A session</li></ul></div></div><div><div><div><p>Nanomaterials exhibit unique and diverse properties that enable a wide range of innovative applications. Their unique properties enhance catalysis, improve mechanical strength, and can even provide antibacterial effects in clothing. Their nanoscale size facilitates nucleation and also influences magnetic behavior.</p><p>Understanding the behavior of nanomaterials is crucial for harnessing their unique properties. This knowledge enables their use in advanced materials and innovative technological applications.</p><p><strong>Join our live webinar to explore how thermal analysis techniques can reveal the unique properties of nanomaterials.</strong></p><p>Be sure to prepare your questions for the live Q&amp;A with our experts!</p><h4><strong>Thermal Analysis Techniques for Characterizing Nanomaterials</strong></h4><ul><li><strong>DSC and Flash DSC</strong> are important techniques used to determine the glass transition, melting, crystallization behavior, reaction enthalpies and kinetics, and the influence of nanoparticle fillers.</li><li><strong>TGA</strong> is used to investigate stability, decomposition behavior and water sorption of nanomaterials.</li><li><strong>DMA</strong> is useful for characterizing the influence of nanoparticles on the mechanical behavior of viscoelastic materials as a function of time, temperature, and frequency of an oscillating stress.</li></ul><p>Don't miss the chance to deepen your understanding of thermal analysis techniques for characterizing these unique materials. Reserve your spot today!</p><h4><strong>Properties and Uses of Nanomaterials</strong></h4><p>The unique properties of nanomaterials enable diverse applications. For example, due to their high surface area, inefficient or unfavorable chemical reactions can often be improved by nanoparticle <strong>catalysts</strong>. When integrated into bulk materials, nanoparticles can <strong>tailor mechanical properties</strong> for advanced performance. Silver nanoparticles impart <strong>antibacterial qualities to clothing</strong>, preventing odors by eliminating bacteria. Additionally, their nanoscale size facilitates <strong>nucleation</strong>, aiding crystallization of larger molecules that would otherwise have difficulty crystallizing on their own.</p><p>Other uses of nanomaterials include structures such as <strong>silica gels </strong>and <strong>molecular sieves</strong> that have functional geometries on a nanoscale. Magnetic behavior can also vary with nanoparticle size, influencing <strong>magnetization dynamics</strong>.</p><p>These fascinating characteristics make nanomaterials pivotal in cutting-edge technology and materials science.&nbsp;</p></div><div><div data-advanced-option="false" data-has-preview-image="false" data-video-id="" data-component-id="2110920040"><div style="max-width:1px;width:100%;" id="mediaContainerWrapper_2110920040"><div style="height:1px;width:1px;" data-external-url="" id="mediaContainer_2110920040" data-advanced-option="false" data-width="1" data-height="1" data-video-id="">&nbsp;</div></div></div></div></div></div></main><div><div><div data-advanced-option="false" data-has-preview-image="false" data-video-id="" data-component-id="2110920040"><blockquote><div><strong>Presenter: </strong>Nicolas Fedelich</div><p>With a background in chemical engineering, Nicolas joined METTLER TOLEDO in 2009 as an application specialist for thermal analysis. Before that, he gained expertise in different laboratories implementing, developing, and validating analytical methods in both the pharmaceutical and environmental fields. Nicolas also worked for three years in the field carrying out on-site customer training and providing expert thermal analysis application support. In his present position, Nicolas expertly uses, teaches, and supports DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA instruments at the METTLER TOLEDO head office in Switzerland.</p></blockquote></div></div></div>

Mettler Toledo: Thermal Analysis of Nanomaterials

Thermal Analysis of Nanomaterials

Join our live webinar to explore how thermal analysis techniques can reveal the unique properties of nanomaterials.

<header><h4><strong>A Guide to Choosing the Optimal Crucible for Your Experiment</strong></h4></header><main><div><div><h5><strong>Program</strong></h5><ul><li>Introduction to thermal analysis crucibles</li><li>DSC crucibles and application examples</li><li>TGA crucibles and application examples</li><li>Tips and hints for selecting the right crucible</li><li>Interactive Q&amp;A session</li></ul></div></div><div><div><div><p>Selecting the right crucible for your application can be a complex process, given the wide range of products available. Making the right choice, however, is essential for obtaining accurate results and protecting your thermal analysis module.</p><p>Using several practical examples for differential scanning calorimetry (<strong>DSC</strong>) and thermogravimetric analysis (<strong>TGA</strong>), this webinar helps you navigate through the many different choices, giving you confidence in your results.</p><p>After the presentation, you will have the opportunity to join the live Q&amp;A session with our experienced METTLER TOLEDO application specialists. &nbsp;</p><p>Want to learn more? Register for our webinar today!</p><h4><strong>Why Using the Right Crucible Is Essential</strong></h4><p>Often, the difference between an accurate and a flawed result has nothing to do with the measuring device, but rather the type of crucible used. For example:</p><ul><li>Crucible material, size, quality, and lids must be carefully selected, according to the application.</li><li>A smooth, flat base is critical to ensure perfect contact with the sample and optimal heat transfer.</li></ul><p>Join our live webinar and discover useful tips and hints on how to select the correct crucible for different types of DSC and TGA applications</p><p><strong>Don’t forget to prepare your questions for the live Q&amp;A with our experts!</strong></p></div><div><div data-advanced-option="false" data-has-preview-image="false" data-video-id="" data-component-id="2110920040"><div style="max-width:1px;width:100%;" id="mediaContainerWrapper_2110920040"><div style="height:1px;width:1px;" data-external-url="" id="mediaContainer_2110920040" data-advanced-option="false" data-width="1" data-height="1" data-video-id="">&nbsp;</div></div></div></div></div></div></main><div><div><div data-advanced-option="false" data-has-preview-image="false" data-video-id="" data-component-id="2110920040"><blockquote><div><strong>Presenter: </strong>Angela Hammer (Dr. sc. nat. ETH)</div><p>Dr. Angela Hammer received a Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry (development of immobilized components for the use in ion-selective electrodes based on polyurethane membranes) from the Institute of Organic Chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland. She then joined Sika Technology AG in Zurich, Switzerland, as an analytical chemist. In 2007, she joined METTLER TOLEDO and has worked there since as an application specialist for Thermal Analysis. In her present position, she uses, teaches, and supports DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA instruments for the METTLER TOLEDO’s Materials Characterization Group located at the head office in Switzerland.</p></blockquote></div></div></div>

Mettler Toledo: Crucible Selection for Thermal Analysis

Crucible Selection for Thermal Analysis

Join our live webinar and discover useful tips and hints on how to select the correct crucible for different types of DSC and TGA applications

<header><h4><strong>Useful Techniques for Identification and Characterization</strong></h4></header><main><div><div><h5><strong>Program</strong></h5><ul><li>What are thermosets? Basic properties and formation</li><li>Thermal analysis techniques for studying thermosets</li><li>Application examples using DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA</li><li>Which technique should be used in your analysis?</li><li>Interactive Q&amp;A session</li></ul></div></div><div><div><div><p>A thermoset is a polymer that undergoes a particular chemical reaction, known as curing, to form a permanent, heavily cross-linked structure. The material cannot be melted or remolded to form a new shape, even at high temperatures. Thermosets are typically rigid and insoluble, with high mechanical strength and temperature stability. Examples include epoxy resins, phenolic resins, polyesters, and polyurethanes.</p><p>Due to their highly temperature-dependent physical behavior, thermal analysis is an ideal set of techniques for identifying and characterizing these materials.</p><p>This webinar discusses the most important thermal properties of thermosets and describes useful thermal analysis techniques used to analyze them.</p><p><strong>Register now to secure your spot and join the live Q&amp;A!</strong></p><h4><strong>How to Characterize Thermosets</strong></h4><p>Different thermal techniques can be used to determine the key properties of these materials:</p><ul><li><strong>DSC:</strong> Useful for determining glass transition, melting, reaction enthalpies, curing and thermal stability.</li><li><strong>TGA:</strong> Mainly used for composition analysis, thermal stability, decomposition, evaporation, and desorption behavior.</li><li><strong>TMA: </strong>Typically used to study mechanical behavior such as expansion, shrinkage, softening, plus glass transition.</li><li><strong>DMA: </strong>Best for studying viscoelastic behavior, glass transition, and frequency-dependent effects.</li></ul><h4><strong>What is a Typical Analysis of a Thermoset?</strong></h4><p>A typical and important analysis of a thermoset is the characterization of epoxy resin materials. In this case, determining the glass transition temperature (Tg) and investigating the curing reaction are highly important. This information can be used in manufacturing, for example testing the process conditions required to properly cure thermosets. It can also be used in quality control, to check the expected Tg of a known material.&nbsp;</p></div><div><div data-advanced-option="false" data-has-preview-image="false" data-video-id="" data-component-id="2110920040"><div style="max-width:1px;width:100%;" id="mediaContainerWrapper_2110920040"><div style="height:1px;width:1px;" data-external-url="" id="mediaContainer_2110920040" data-advanced-option="false" data-width="1" data-height="1" data-video-id="">&nbsp;</div></div></div></div></div></div></main><div><div><div data-advanced-option="false" data-has-preview-image="false" data-video-id="" data-component-id="2110920040"><blockquote><div><strong>Presenter: </strong>Dr. Teresa Dennenwaldt</div><p>Dr. Teresa Dennenwaldt obtained her PhD in chemistry in 2013 and completed a postdoc at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland in the field of electron microscopy and spectroscopy. In 2018, she joined METTLER TOLEDO as an application specialist for Thermal Analysis. In her current position, she expertly uses, teaches, and supports DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA instruments at the METTLER TOLEDO head office in Switzerland.</p></blockquote></div></div></div>

Mettler Toledo: Thermal Analysis of Thermoset Materials

Thermal Analysis of Thermoset Materials

This webinar discusses the most important thermal properties of thermosets and describes useful thermal analysis techniques used to analyze them.

<div><div container-id="cq-colctrl-lt0" comp-id="A1"><div><p><strong>General tips and advice to improve analysis quality, minimize downtime, increase laboratory efficiencies and reduce costs on your ICP-OES or ICP-MS.</strong></p><h5><strong>Learning Points</strong></h5><ul><li>How to optimize your instrument to improve data quality</li><li>Troubleshooting and maintenance tips and tricks</li><li>Improving your sample preparation techniques</li></ul><h5><strong>Who should attend?</strong></h5><ul><li>Users looking to enhance their current trace elemental analysis</li><li>Users who are looking to overcome their current trace elemental analysis challenges within their laboratory</li><li>Users looking to gain more experience of trace elemental analysis</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>Matthew Gregory (Field Application Scientist, EMEA North, Trace Elemental Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific)</p><p>After graduating from the University of Surrey with an MChem in Chemistry, Matthew has gained over 20 years’ experience of trace elemental analysis in industry, working in environmental and precious metal research laboratories. In 2018, Matthew joined Thermo Fisher Scientific as an Applications Specialist for the Trace Elemental Analysis product range in the UK and Ireland.</p><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>David Fishwick (Field Application Scientist, EMEA North, Trace Elemental Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific)</p><p>David joined Thermo in 2022 as an Applications Specialist for the Trace Elemental Analysis product range in the UK and Ireland. Prior to joining Thermo, David has gained experience of trace elemental analysis and chromatography in industry, working in GMP, GLP and UKAS accrediated R&amp;D and pharmaceutical laboratories. David holds a BSc in Chemistry from Bangor University.</p><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>Petra Gerhards (Regional Marketing Manager, EMEA, AAT, Thermo Fisher Scientific)</p><p>Petra ist Diplom-Ingenieurin für instrumentelle analytische Chemie der Technischen Universität Krefeld/Deutschland. Seit mehr als 30 Jahren arbeitet sie auf dem Gebiet der Gaschromatographie und hat Erfahrung mit vielen Technologien im Bereich GC und GC-MS. Derzeit unterstützt sie in ihrer Position als EMEA Regional Marketing Manager Anwender und Kundenanwendungsteams in ganz EMEA.</p></blockquote></div></div></div>

Thermo Fisher Scientific: Lunch and Learn Tips and Tricks Series: Trace Elemental Analysis (ICP-OES & ICP-MS)

Lunch and Learn Tips and Tricks Series: Trace Elemental Analysis (ICP-OES & ICP-MS)

Expert tips for ICP-OES and ICP-MS to improve data quality, reduce downtime, and increase laboratory efficiency.

Lunch & Learn: ICP-OES & ICP-MS Tips

<div><div container-id="cq-colctrl-lt0" comp-id="A1"><div><p><strong>The webinar “Analysis of the Key Parameters of Biofuels” provides a detailed overview of how biofuels—and solid fuels such as SRF (Solid Recovered Fuels)—can be analyzed efficiently with high sample throughput and outstanding analytical precision. Reliable fuel characterization is essential for quality control, process optimization, and regulatory compliance in energy generation and fuel trading.</strong></p><p>Biofuels are typically characterized by a range of critical parameters, all of which will be addressed in this webinar. These include MVA analysis (Moisture, Volatile Matter, Ash), CHNS determination (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur), calorific value determination, moisture analysis, and ash fusion behavior. The webinar will explain how these parameters are measured, how they influence fuel performance, and how modern analytical systems support fast and reproducible results.</p><p>CHNS determination plays a central role in the evaluation of biofuels, as elemental composition directly affects combustion behavior, energy content, and emission potential. Accurate CHNS data are essential for calculating stoichiometric combustion conditions, assessing fuel quality, and ensuring compliance with environmental and technical specifications.</p><p>Finally, the webinar will provide an overview of suitable LECO analytical instruments for biofuel and SRF analysis. Instrument concepts, automation options, and practical laboratory considerations will be discussed, demonstrating how high analytical performance can be combined with efficiency and robustness in routine fuel testing.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>Michael Jakob (Elemental Field Product Manager)</p></blockquote></div></div></div>

LECO: Analysis of the Key Parameters of Biofuels

Analysis of the Key Parameters of Biofuels

Analysis of biofuels and SRF using MVA, CHNS, calorific value, and ash fusion methods with modern LECO analytical instrumentation.

<p><strong>UV/VIS spectrometers are traditionally used for well-dissolved solutions measured in cuvettes. However, one of the most common UV/VIS accessories is an integrating sphere. With an integrating sphere, it is possible to measure almost any sample – including opaque solids, powders, gels, and turbid solutions. This webinar will discuss diffuse transmission and reflection UV/VIS measurements including how to perform measurements with Agilent’s Cary 60 UV/VIS Spectrometer and a diffuse reflectance accessory (DRA).</strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>Yanqia Wang, PhD (Application Engineer, Molecular Spectroscopy, Agilent Technologies, Inc.)</p><p>Dr. Yanqia Wang started working for Agilent Technologies Inc. as a FTIR application Engineer in 2013, providing pre-&amp;post-sale application support. The products he covers from Bench-top FTIR microscopes to various Mobile FTIR spectrometers. Dr. Wang received his PhD of analytical chemistry from Duke University in 2004, doing dynamic IR spectroscopy research. Then he joined Fitzpatrick Center for Photonics at Duke University, doing Tissue Raman spectrometer instrumentation. Since 2007, Dr. Wang worked for Avery Dennison Corp. as a spectroscopist, providing molecular analytical support to the research &amp; development.</p></blockquote>

Agilent Technologies: Molecular spectroscopy webinars

Measuring Diverse Samples with UV/VIS Spectrometers and Integrating Spheres

Webinar will discuss diffuse transmission and reflection UV/VIS measurements including how to perform measurements with Agilent’s Cary 60 UV/VIS Spectrometer

Measuring Diverse Samples with UV/VIS Spectrometers

<p><strong>Reliable analytical results depend on robust data validation and quality control practices. This session explores essential QC tools and techniques, including spike recoveries, duplicate analysis, and establishing limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ). We will discuss practical approaches for troubleshooting and improving confidence in your data. Whether you are new to QC or looking to refine your approach, this webinar offers actionable guidance for ensuring data integrity.</strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter:</strong> Kristen Pisanko</p></blockquote>

Agilent Technologies: Atomic Spectroscopic webinars

Data Confidence: QC Strategies for Analytical Success

This session explores essential QC tools and techniques, including spike recoveries, duplicate analysis, and establishing limits of detection and quantification

<p><strong>Advanced methodology for enhancing sample throughput through recent advances in Helium KED mode and complementary interference removal techniques.</strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter:</strong> Bert Woods (Application Scientist, Agilent Technologies, Inc.)</p><p>Joined the Agilent ICP-MS team in 2004, with previous employment in the semiconductor industry with Dominion Semiconductor (IBM/Toshiba) and Micron. Bert is a 1997 Chemistry graduate of Radford University in Virginia and an avid Washington DC Sports fan.</p></blockquote>

Driving higher throughput through innovative QQQ ICP‑MS techniques

Advanced methodology for enhancing sample throughput through recent advances in Helium KED mode and complementary interference removal techniques.

Innovative QQQ ICP‑MS techniques

<p><strong>The switch to renewable energy sources and the need for efficient and cost-effective energy storage technologies, has seen increased global demands for lithium-ion batteries and raw materials. Elemental concentration and impurities of these products are important to know, as the elemental composition can impact the performance and lifespan of a battery. Join us to see how a smart ICP-OES and an auto-dilutor can be used together to increase productivity, sustainability, and accuracy of your analysis of these challenging sample matrices.</strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter:</strong> Sima Singha, PhD (ICP-OES Application Scientist, Atomic Spectroscopy, Agilent Technologies, Inc.)</p><p>Sima has over fifteen years of hands on experience as an applications scientist in the field of atomic spectroscopy. Before joining Agilent in 2017, managed an agricultural chemistry laboratory for the analysis of water, soil, and plant tissue digests using ICP-OES for various EPA methods. She received a Ph.D. degree in Chemistry from the University of Illinois at Chicago with numerous peer-reviewed publications.</p></blockquote>

Enhancing Lithium-Ion Battery Production: Automated and Sustainable Elemental Analysis Using an ICP-OES

See how smart ICP-OES and auto-dilutor can be used together to increase productivity, sustainability, and accuracy of challenging sample matrices.

Lithium-Ion Battery Elemental Analysis Using ICP-OES

<p><strong>This webinar will discuss innovations that reduce routine maintenance and simplifying sample analysis challenges, while leveraging enhancements to increase ICP-MS throughput and free up your time. &nbsp;Streamlining your lab Workflow will ensure sample turnaround is optimized and results are reported with confidence.</strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter:</strong> L. Craig Jones (ICP-MS Application Scientist, Agilent Technologies, Inc.)</p><p>Craig has been with Agilent for over 15 years as an ICP-MS applications scientist. He has been involved with multiple type of applications for ICP-MS, including environmental, pharmaceutical, semiconductor, geologic, and clinical analyses, to name a few. Previous to Agilent he worked in an environmental lab performing analysis and supervising both the inorganic and organic sections of the laboratory. In his spare time, Craig enjoys volunteering at the local marine science center, mountain biking, hiking, and relaxing at the beach. Craig obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Fort Lewis College in Durango, CO.</p></blockquote>

Simplify ICP-MS Maintenance while Improving Sample Throughput in your Laboratory

This webinar will discuss innovations that reduce routine maintenance and simplifying sample analysis challenges