Antimicrobial resistance, especially plasmid-mediated mcr-1 in E. coli, limits the effectiveness of last-resort antibiotics such as colistin. This study evaluates conjugated PCPDTBT polymer nanoparticles as photothermal agents for combating these multidrug-resistant strains.The nanoparticles were produced by nanoprecipitation, showed strong NIR absorption, and generated substantial heat under 806 nm irradiation. They remained photothermally stable across repeated cycles and significantly reduced the viability of mcr-1-positive E. coli. SEM imaging confirmed severe structural damage after treatment. These findings demonstrate the strong potential of PCPDTBT nanoparticles as standalone photothermal therapeutics against antibiotic-resistant pathogens.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c04993">PCPDTBT Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Photothermal Inactivation of Multidrug-Resistant mcr-1-Positive Escherichia coli</a></h4>Cynthia S. A. Caires, Rafael C. Nascimento, Leandro O. Araujo, Laís F. Aguilera, Samuel L. Oliveira*, and Anderson R. L. Caires*ACS Omega 2025, 10, 35, 40111–40118<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c04993">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c04993</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as one of the top 10 global public health threats. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> AMR in bacterial pathogens is a growing pandemic that threatens to render current treatments for microbial infections ineffective, bringing back a preantibiotic era. In 2019, approximately 1.27 million people worldwide died from infections directly caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,3)</a> Without innovative interventions, global deaths associated with AMR are projected to reach 10 million annually by 2050. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(4)</a>Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) are multifunctional nanoscale materials that exhibit versatile applications across various technological fields, drawing attention for their use in photothermal and photodynamic strategies to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19−23)</a> The photothermal approach can be achieved by combining the use of CPNs under near-infrared (NIR) illumination, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(24)</a> in which CPNs act as photothermal agents (PTAs) because they efficiently convert NIR light into heat, resulting in heat-induced bacterial death promoted by localized hyperthermia. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(25,26)</a> This method offers a novel, noninvasive approach to tackling antibiotic resistance, reducing the dependence on conventional treatments, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(22,25)</a> whose effectiveness has already been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18,27)</a>Poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)], also known as PCPDTBT, is a conjugated polymer with luminescent properties that has also been studied as a PTA under NIR light, acting as a theranostic agent for photothermal and imaging applications. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(26,28,29)</a> MacNeill et al. (2013) demonstrated that PCPDTBT nanoparticles can effectively generate localized heat upon NIR irradiation, enabling thermal ablation of cancer cells in vitro. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(30)</a> Subsequent study has highlighted how molecular ordering within nanoparticle assemblies significantly influences their photothermal performance. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(31)</a> Additionally, PCPDTBT-based systems have been integrated into multifunctional nanoplatforms for synergistic therapeutic strategies. For instance, Zhou et al. (2022) developed chemiluminescent nanoprobes incorporating PCPDTBT for deep-tissue bacterial imaging and combined photothermal-nitric oxide therapy. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(32)</a> More recently, Wu et al. (2025) demonstrated that NIR-responsive polymer dots containing PCPDTBT can enhance the synergistic effect of photothermal therapies in vitro. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(29)</a> Together, these studies underscore PCPDTBT’s versatility and efficacy as a core photothermal material in biomedical applications, with significant potential for in vivo applications due to its established biocompatibility and biodegradability. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(33,34)</a> However, long-term in vivo studies of clearance mechanisms and immune responses remain an area for further investigation to fully validate its clinical translational potential.Although PCPDTBT has been investigated as a PTA, its photothermal action against multidrug-resistant bacteria remains unexplored. The present study shows that PCPDTBT NPs produced by the nanoprecipitation method efficiently photoinactivate the mcr-1 E. coli strain after a few minutes of NIR irradiation.<h3>2. Materials and Methods</h3><h4>2.1. Nanoparticle Synthesis</h4>Conjugated polymer poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) from Sigma-Aldrich was used to produce nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15)</a> PCPDTBT was added dropwise to tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 0.23 mg mL–1 to 10 mL of an aqueous solution of polysorbate 20 (Tween 20, Quimesp Química, Brazil) at 1.2 mg mL–1 under slow stirring. After the mixture was stirred for 12 h, the evaporated volumes of water and THF were refilled with the surfactant solution to maintain the nanosuspension volume at 10 mL (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c04993#fig1">Figure 1</a>a). The final concentration of PCPDTBT NPs in the stock solution was 55.3 mg L –1.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2025_10_35_40111_40118_Figure_1_a_Schematic_representation_of_the_nanoprecipitation_process_964ebe3f80.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2025, 10, 35, 40111–40118: Figure 1. (a) Schematic representation of the nanoprecipitation process; (b) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of PCPDTBT nanoparticles; (c) hydrodynamic diameter distribution of PCPDTBT NPs; (d) particle diameter distribution determined from SEM image analysis." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2025_10_35_40111_40118_Figure_1_a_Schematic_representation_of_the_nanoprecipitation_process_964ebe3f80.jpg 233w," sizes="100vw" width="2079" height="1390"><h4>2.2. Characterization</h4><h5>2.2.1. UV–vis–NIR Absorption</h5>UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy was carried out using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=UV-2600i">Shimadzu UV-2600i spectrophotometer</a> equipped with an ISR-2600 Plus integrating sphere accessory, which collected the absorption spectrum in the range of 300–900 nm.<h5>2.2.2. Size and Morphology</h5>The size and morphology of PCPDTBT NPs were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JEOL model JSM-6380LV) at an operating voltage of 10 kV. A solution of PCPDTBT NPs was applied onto a 1 cm × 1 cm glass substrate and allowed to dry overnight at room temperature. The dried sample was sputter-coated with gold and attached to SEM holders with carbon. ImageJ software was used to analyze SEM images to determine the particle diameter distribution and morphology. The average size was calculated by assuming a spherical shape for 100 particles. The hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) with a Zetasizer NanoZS device from Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK. The mean hydrodynamic diameter of PCPDTBT NPs was measured at 25 °C immediately after diluting to a concentration of 4.9 μg mL–1. NaCl was added to the PCPDTBT NP solutions to achieve a final concentration of 9 mM for the zeta potential measurements.<h3>3. Results and Discussion</h3><h4>3.2. Optical and Thermal Characterization</h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c04993#fig2">Figure 2</a>b shows broad absorption bands of the solution with PCPDTBT NPs (17.0 mg L–1) from the UV to the near-infrared range (350–900 nm). Abelha et al. (2019) previously studied PCPDTBT NPs for their potential as fluorescent agents in assessing near-infrared wavelengths in animal systems. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(34,41)</a> The study also examined their cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility, particularly their compatibility with animal blood. The findings indicated that PCPDTBT NPs effectively produced near-infrared images, demonstrated low cytotoxicity, and exhibited high hemocompatibility, establishing them as reliable and biocompatible materials for various biomedical applications. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(34)</a><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2025_10_35_40111_40118_Figure_2_a_Experimental_setup_for_photothermal_analysis_882d05f108.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2025, 10, 35, 40111–40118: Figure 2. (a) Experimental setup for photothermal analysis; (b) absorption spectrum of PCPDTBT NPs (17.0 mg L–1). The arrow indicates the absorbance peak at 806 nm; (c) temperature as a function of time upon near-infrared irradiation (806 nm) for PCPDTBT nanoparticles (17.0 mg L–1) dispersed in aqueous solution and aqueous solution with Tween 20." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2025_10_35_40111_40118_Figure_2_a_Experimental_setup_for_photothermal_analysis_882d05f108.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2081" height="1303">Several works use different matrices for the encapsulation of NPs and also associate them with other materials such as PCPDTBT; it was encapsulated with a layer of Pluronic F127 amphiphilic block and irradiated with a NIR laser at 785 nm, and the nanoparticles obtained present good thermal response and excellent photostability, leading to a photothermal conversion efficiency of 61%. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(40)</a><h4>3.3. Photothermal Response and Stability</h4>It was possible to observe that the PCPDTBT NPs produced in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c04993#fig3">Figures 3</a>a and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c04993#fig3">3</a>c require an adequate concentration and potency to obtain their peak efficiency, achieving a maximum temperature increase (ΔT) (°C) of 35–40 °C over time under infrared irradiation (806 nm) at different laser powers (0.22, 0.52, 0.81, and 1.13 W) at the concentration of 17.0 mg L–1 for PCPDTBT NPs and various concentrations of PCPDTBT NPs (0, 4.25, 8.50, and 17.0 mg L–1) a function of the time under infrared irradiation. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c04993#fig3">Figures 3</a>b and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c04993#fig3">3</a>d also show the linear increase in temperature as a function of power and concentration, respectively.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2025_10_35_40111_40118_Figure_3_a_Temperature_of_PCPDTBT_NP_solutions_c0fa6e3268.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2025, 10, 35, 40111–40118: Figure 3. (a) Temperature of PCPDTBT NP solutions (17.0 mg L–1) as a function of time under 806 nm irradiation at laser powers (0.22, 0.52, 0.81, and 1.13 W); (b) solution temperature after 60 min of irradiation as a function of PCPDTBT NP concentration at 1.13 W (data from (a)); (c) temperature as a function of time of PCPDTBT NPs at different concentrations (0, 4.25, 8.50, and 17.0 mg L–1), irradiated at 806 nm irradiation at 1.13 W; (d) temperature of solutions after 60 min of irradiation extracted from data presented in (c); (e) cyclic photothermal heating of PCPDTBT NP solution (17.0 mg L–1) irradiated at 806 nm with 1.13 W over eight heating–cooling cycles." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2025_10_35_40111_40118_Figure_3_a_Temperature_of_PCPDTBT_NP_solutions_c0fa6e3268.jpg 137w," sizes="100vw" width="1669" height="1889"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c04993#fig3">Figure 3</a>e demonstrates the thermal stability of PCPDTBT NPs at 17.0 mg L–1 even after 8 cycles of 60 min of irradiation at 1.13 W.The PCPDTBT NPs have gained widespread application in the biomedical field since they have been used strictly as fluorescent markers <a href="javascript:void(0);">(42,43)</a> and photoresponsive agents for heat generation, often in conjunction with other agents. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(30)</a> The PCPDTBT-containing hybrid nanoparticles were also explored for the aPDI properties, acting as coagents for diagnostic imaging or photothermal therapy, used in association with other agents. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(21,44,45)</a> Despite the existence of these works, this report presents, for the first time, the idea that nanoparticles composed solely of PCPDTBT can be utilized as a photothermal agent to inactivate multidrug-resistant bacteria.<h3>4. Conclusion</h3>In conclusion, PCPDTBT NPs are effective photothermal agents against the antibiotic-resistant mcr-1 E. coli strain. The PCPDTBT NPs synthesized via nanoprecipitation exhibited robust photothermal properties characterized by efficient NIR light absorption and subsequent conversion into heat. This capability was validated through a consistent thermal performance over multiple irradiation cycles. Moreover, the photothermal efficacy of PCPDTBT NPs was confirmed through photoinactivation assays, revealing significant reductions in the number of viable bacterial counts after NIR laser treatment. The mcr-1-positive E. coli strain showed notable bactericidal effects, as illustrated by SEM images that revealed significant damage to bacterial morphology following photothermal treatment therapy. These findings highlight PCPDTBT NPs as promising candidates for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, offering a low-toxicity alternative to conventional antimicrobial treatments.

PCPDTBT Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Photothermal Inactivation of Multidrug-Resistant mcr-1-Positive Escherichia coli

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezICPMS Library in the week of 1st December 2025? Check out new documents from the field of spectroscopy/spectrometry and related techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT SPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezGCMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, LECO, Shimadzu and Waters Corporation!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Determination of 21 Elements in Fertilizers using Autodilution with ICP-OES</h3>Automated analysis of multinutrient fertilizers by Agilent 5800 VDV ICP-OES and ADS 2 autodilutor<ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_elements_fertilizers_autodilution_5800_icp_oes_5994_8647en_14e33bca6a.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Crop production relies heavily on fertilizers to achieve high yields, maintain soil fertility, and support sustainable agricultural practices. Fertilizers typically contain high concentrations of essential macronutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), plus lower levels of secondary and micronutrients. In addition to these beneficial elements, fertilizers may also contain contaminants such as heavy metals introduced during manufacturing or from raw materials. To ensure product efficacy, safety, and regulatory compliance, multiple nutrients and potential contaminants must be accurately measured. However, the number of analytes, concentration range, and sample-to-sample variability present significant analytical challenges for laboratories requiring robust, high-throughput, and accurate quantitative methods.Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is a powerful technique that is widely used for the simultaneous analysis of multiple elements in complex sample matrices like fertilizers.1,2 Traditional workflows, however, often require manual preparation of calibration standards and tailored sample dilutions, processes that are time-consuming, error-prone, and can introduce contamination. Modern automation technologies such as the Agilent Advanced Dilution System (ADS 2) simplify the analysis, freeing analysts to focus on more productive tasks.3,4 Also, by enabling automatic, reactive dilutions based on sample concentration, the ADS 2 avoids manual intervention, reduces consumable usage, and improves data quality. Some key features of the ADS 2 include:&nbsp;<ul><li>Autocalibration: Automatic generation of calibration curves from one or more stock solutions. This feature significantly reduces time spent on standard preparation, minimizes waste of single-use consumables, and lowers the risk of human error, simplifying the workflow and improving data reliability.&nbsp;</li><li>Prescriptive dilutions: Automatic dilution of solutions or samples by a known (prescribed) dilution factor before analysis. This feature is useful in labs where routine dilutions occur, eliminating a time-consuming manual step from daily workflows.&nbsp;</li><li>Reactive dilutions: Automatic real-time dilution of overrange samples that exceed calibration limits. This feature eliminates the need for manual dilutions or rework after the analysis, allowing greater flexibility and efficiency within a single method.&nbsp;</li><li>Summary Row: A smart software feature that selects and displays the best measurement from multiple iterations, while retaining access to all underlying data. This feature streamlines data review and significantly reduces the time spent on manual processing and reporting.&nbsp;</li></ul>In this study, the Agilent 5800 Vertical Dual View (VDV) ICP-OES with ADS 2 autodilutor was used to determine 21 elements in multinutrient fertilizers. The elements included aluminum, arsenic, boron, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, nickel, phosphorus, lead, sulfur, selenium, vanadium, and zinc.<h4>Experimental&nbsp;</h4><h5>Instrumentation&nbsp;</h5>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=5800+VDV+ICP-OES">Agilent 5800 VDV ICP-OES</a> was configured with the integrated Agilent Advanced Switching Valve (AVS 7), ADS 2 autodilutor, and Agilent SPS 4 autosampler (Figure 1). The AVS and ADS 2 operate seamlessly together to enhance sample throughput, reduce turnaround time, and lower cost-per-sample. The ADS 2 enabled automated, precise preparation of calibration standards and sample dilutions, minimizing analyst workload and consumables use. Importantly, its integration with the AVS 7 ensures that no additional time is added when dilution is not required, overcoming a common limitation of other dilution systems. The SPS 4 autosampler provided automated sample delivery to the instrument. The 5800 ICP-OES was equipped with a SeaSpray nebulizer, double-pass cyclonic spray chamber, and Agilent semi-demountable VDV torch with a 1.8 mm id injector. All components were controlled by the Agilent ICP Expert Pro software5 (the ADS 2 is compatible with ICP Expert software version 7.7 or later). Automated Fitted Background Correction (FBC) was selected for background correction of each analyte.6<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>The Agilent 5800 VDV ICP-OES paired with the Agilent ADS 2 autodilutor enabled the fast, high-throughput, multi-elemental analysis of fertilizer samples. The accurate quantification of 21 major and trace elements in microwave-digested fertilizer samples was assisted by the following features of the ADS 2:&nbsp;<ul><li>Autocalibration: Calibration standards from 0 to 10 mg/L were automatically prepared from a single stock solution, minimizing manual preparation and ensuring consistent, accurate calibration across the range. Additional higher concentration standards were used for selected elements.&nbsp;</li><li>Prescriptive dilutions: Automatic dilution of solutions were performed using a known (prescribed) dilution factor before analysis, removing time-consuming and error-prone manual dilutions of the SRM samples.&nbsp;</li><li>Reactive dilution: Overrange analyte concentrations in two fertilizer samples triggered dynamic, real-time dilution, eliminating the need for prescreening or manual intervention. This reactive dilution capability streamlined the workflow.&nbsp;</li><li>Summary Row: The software feature automatically selected and displayed the most reliable results from multiple measurements of each fertilizer sample, simplifying data review while maintaining full traceability.</li></ul>The automated-ICP-OES method produced high-quality results, with MDLs below 1 mg/kg for most elements. Accuracy was excellent, with all recoveries for both NIST 695 fertilizer SRM and spiked fertilizer samples falling within 100 ± 10% of expected values. The method also demonstrated excellent stability and robustness over nine hours. Following a 10x automatic prescriptive dilution of each QC using the ADS 2, recoveries ranged from 95 to 105%, with %RSDs below 3.5% for all elements, demonstrating the reproducibility of the autodilutor.&nbsp;This study confirms the suitability of the 5800 VDV ICP-OES for quantifying major, minor, and trace nutrients, as well as contaminant elements, in three commercial fertilizers— supporting regulatory compliance and product quality assurance. Productivity of the method was further enhanced by the ADS 2, which minimized manual handling and reduced the risk of errors during standard and sample preparation.<h3>2. LECO: Determination of Nitrogen in Fertilizer</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/FP_828_NITROGEN_FERTILIZER_203_821_625_5c75967878.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Nitrogen is one of the most important elements for plant development and is the macronutrient that is most often found to be deficient in arable soils used for crop production. Nitrogen plays a key role in the formation of enzymes and proteins, which promotes lush vigorous growth and development in plants that often leads to an increase in the yield from the plant. Fertilizers are utilized to re-introduce nitrogen back into arable soils. Fertilizers can be grouped by their makeup and/or origins into categories including inorganic and/or synthetic (including nitrates, ammonium, and urea) and organic (including compost materials and manures). The accurate and precise determination of nitrogen in all fertilizer types is not only important in the process of blending and preparing the fertilizer material for use, but also will have significant impact on the commercial value and guarantee of the fertilizer.&nbsp;The<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=24&amp;search=FP828"> LECO FP828</a> is a combustion nitrogen/protein determinator that utilizes a pure oxygen environment in a vertical quartz furnace. A thermoelectric cooler removes moisture from the combustion gases before they are collected in a ballast. The gases equilibrate and mix in the ballast before a representative aliquot (3 cm3 or 10 cm3 volume) of the combustion gas is extracted and introduced into a flowing stream of inert gas (helium or argon) for analysis. The aliquot gas is carried to a thermal conductivity (TC) cell for the detection of nitrogen (N2).<h4>Instrument Model and Configuration&nbsp;</h4>Thermal conductivity detectors work by detecting changes in the thermal conductivity of the analyte gas compared to a reference/carrier gas. The greater the difference between the thermal conductivity of the carrier gas and the analyte gas, the greater sensitivity of the detector. The FP828 supports either the use of helium or argon as the instrument's carrier gas. When used as a carrier gas, helium provides the highest sensitivity, and the best performance at the lower limit of the nitrogen range. Argon can also be used as a carrier gas. The thermal conductivity difference between argon and nitrogen is not as great as the thermal conductivity difference between helium and nitrogen, therefore the detector is inherently less sensitive when using argon as a carrier gas.<h4>TYPICAL RESULTS&nbsp;</h4>Data was generated utilizing a linear, forced through origin calibration using ~0.05 g of NIST 913b Uric Acid (33% N). Alternatively, LECO 503-530 LCRM Urea may be used for calibration. The calibration was verified using LECO 502-896 (Lot 1002) EDTA (9.57% N).<h3>3. Shimadzu: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Power Semiconductor and Silver Sintering Die Attach Material</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00989_en_47b98a7a6e.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>User Benefits</h4><ul><li>Useful in evaluation of the particle shape of silver sintering die attach materials.</li><li>Useful in evaluation of the sintered condition, such as voids, and the diffusion of elements at the bonding interface in silver sintering.</li><li>Useful in research on surface properties, such as the film thickness in metalizing treatment</li></ul>Power semiconductors are used in a wide range of applications, from household electrical appliances and automotive devices to power transmission and distribution systems. Recently, SiC (silicon carbide) semiconductors, which allow high-temperature operation, have attracted attention as a substitute for conventional Si (silicon) semiconductors. With application of SiC, the operating temperature of power semiconductors is expected to increase to 200 ˚C or more in the future. However, in this case, the heat resistance of the die bond where semiconductor chips are bonded to a substrate becomes an issue, as high-temperature operation may cause deterioration or embrittlement of the joining material.&nbsp;Silver (Ag) sintering materials can withstand high temperatures exceeding 200 ˚C and have excellent thermal conductivity, enhancing heat dissipation and realizing improved temperature management of devices. Since embrittlement can be preventing by using Ag sintering materials, thereby improving the reliability of the bonds, Ag particles have attracted interest as a die bond material with excellent heat dissipation.&nbsp;This Application News article introduces an example of analysis of a power semiconductor using an EPMA electron probe microanalyzer (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=EPMA-8050G">EPMA-8050G</a>).<h4>Power Semiconductors&nbsp;</h4>With conventional Si semiconductor, a large amount of energy may be lost during power conversion, but energy loss can be improved significantly by introducing a SiC widegap power semiconductor. SiC has a wide bandgap and is superior in terms of pressure resistance and heat resistance due to its excellent thermal conductivity, which allows efficient management of generated heat and stable operation even under hightemperature environments 1), 2) .&nbsp;In the vertical package structure of a power semiconductor device, wiring is formed on the SiC device surface, and the heat generated by the semiconductor (die) is dissipated downward. The back of the SiC chip analyzed here was metalized by ion plating. Titanium (Ti) plating, nickel (Ni) plating, and gold (Au) plating were carried out. The AMB (Active Metal Brazing) substrate consisted of a three-layer structure of a pure copper (Cu) substrate, a ceramic substrate, and a pure Cu substrate. High bond strength and thermal conductivity were secured in the SiC chip and the AMB substrate by sintering Ag particles.&nbsp;<h4>Conclusion</h4>In response to high-temperature operation of power semiconductor devices, Ag particles have attracted considerable attention as a die bond material. Their high-temperature resistance and superior heat dissipation properties are expected to improve device reliability and are being utilized in research and development, such as evaluation of the bond interface.<h3>4. Waters Corporation: Identify and Characterize Particles in the Visible Size Range with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2190">Aura</a></h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/720009112_en_ec644950a4.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Characterizing large visible contaminants is essential for patient safety and mandated by both USP 788, 790, and 1046. Drug formulations for parenteral injection are required to meet certain standards for subvisible particles (&gt;100 µm) and must be completely free of visible particles (&gt;1 µm–100 µm).1 Therefore, subvisible and visible particle analysis is necessary throughout the drug development process to ensure that products do not produce unwanted adverse side-effects or reductions in efficacy.2 However, traditional detection methods for subvisible and visible particles like dynamic flow imaging (FI) and light obscuration (LO) are plagued by a number of limitations that hamper analysis, including:<ul><li>Particle fragmentation, also known as clipping, observed during particle detection with flow imaging techniques.3</li><li>A low refractive index contrast encountered when measuring biologic particles in liquid media that makes it difficult to distinguish translucent particles from background.4</li><li>A small depth of focus in a wide fluidic channel area that exacerbates particle fragmentation and dramatically reduces sampling efficiency. This makes accurate large particle detection nearly impossible.</li><li>Clogging that occurs when visible particles flow through the fluidic chambers of flow-based systems like FI or LO.</li><li>Visible particle inspection performed by manual operators that is highly error prone.5</li></ul><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2190">Aura™ Systems</a> are powered by backgrounded membrane imaging (BMI), a USP 788 Method 2 compliant digital imaging method that conducts both subvisible and visible particle analysis. Calibrated using a microscopy reference slide, Aura provides accurate and linear data for particles up to 5.6 mm in equivalent circular diameter on 96-well small volume plates and 14 mm on 24-well large volume plates, well into the visible range.&nbsp;In this application note, we demonstrate the capability of Aura instruments and Particle Vue Software to characterize visible particle aggregates stemming from various biologic drug formulation processes. A comparison of both visible and subvisible NIST ethylene tetrafluoro ethylene (ETFE), large adeno-associated virus (AAV) aggregates, large cellular aggregates from CAR-T cell therapies, and large fibrous contaminants in cell therapies are used as models to illustrate how Aura can analyze a range of samples while providing accurate size characterizations. In addition, side illumination membrane images (SIMI) and fluorescent membrane microscopy images (FMM) provide further information about the visible particle samples and their nature.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>Aura particle analysis systems and Particle Vue Software can analyze particles well into the visible size range, solving a long-standing analytical problem in biologic, cell, and gene therapy characterization. BMI enables accurate sizing and morphological determination of large aggregates and Aura’s FMM, present in both the Aura and Aura CL Systems, allows for specific particle identification to understand the nature and origin of the visible aggregates. Accurately size, characterize, and identify particles from small to large for all biological samples using Aura to ensure proper assessment of both visible and sub visible particles.

News from LabRulezICPMS Library - Week 49, 2025

Six new pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives, gunacin A–E, together with known gunacin and the isocoumarin (+)-orthosporin, were isolated from the fungus Exobasidium sp. Their structures were elucidated using X-ray crystallography, detailed NMR analysis including ROESY, and mass spectrometry. Two compounds showed remarkable potency against Leishmania mexicana and multiple Trypanosoma species, with EC₅₀ values as low as 0.02–0.24 μM—on par with clinically used antiparasitic drugs.In addition to their antiprotozoal effects, several gunacins demonstrated antibacterial and moderate antifungal activity, and exhibited a broad range of cytotoxicity toward mammalian cell lines. This study is one of the first to explore the chemical potential of Exobasidium, a genus of phytopathogenic Basidiomycota fungi, and highlights smut fungi as an underexplored source of bioactive natural products. The potent activity of gunacins suggests promising opportunities for developing new antiprotozoal therapeutics.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsomega.5c01325">Gunacins: Novel Benzo[g]chromene Derivatives from the Fungus Exobasidium sp. and Their Potent Anti-Leishmania and Trypanosoma Activities</a></h4>Eva Stodůlková, Dominik Lovás, Miroslav Flieger, Alena Zíková, Jakub Zápal, Martin Štícha, Ivana Císařová, Jan Černý, Valéria Grobárová, Martina Slapničková, Tomáš Vomastek, Zuzana Klímová, Marek Kuzma, Jaroslav Semerád, Tomáš Cajthaml, Eva Cséfalvay, Winnie Cherotich Maritim, Adéla Wennrich, Marc Stadler, Tereza Ježková, Andrej Jašica, and Miroslav Kolařík*ACS Omega 2025, 10, 22, 23222–23234<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c01325">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c01325</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.Pyranonaphthoquinones are a diverse and widespread group of secondary metabolites found in plants, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,2)</a> fungi, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3,4)</a> and bacteria <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6)</a> with the majority possessing the 3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[g]chromene-5,10-dione structural motif. Only a few pyranonaphthoquinones feature the 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[g]chromene-5,10-dione skeleton, including α-lapachone, constituents of “Lapacho tea”, used in traditional herbal medicine and believed to have anticancer effects. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7,8)</a> Other examples include rhinacanthin A and its derivatives from plant Rhinacanthus nasutus, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(9)</a> α-caryopterone from Caryopteris clandonensis, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10)</a> and gunacin (1) isolated from the fungus Ustilago sp. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a> Lapachones and rhinacanthins exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including cytotoxic, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(9,11)</a> antibacterial, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,12)</a> antifungal <a href="javascript:void(0);">(13,14)</a> and antiprotozoal effects. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a>Exobasidium species <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15)</a> (Exobasidiales, Ustilaginomycotina, Basidiomycota) are worldwide distributed biotrophic plant pathogens, almost infesting plants within the Ericales order. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(16)</a> The genus Exobasidium causes notable economic losses in tea and blueberry production. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17,18)</a> Despite their prevalence and importance, there have been very few studies on secondary metabolites produced by Exobasidium species. Moreover, a study describing the isolation of scopoletin and scopolin fails to distinguish whether the secondary metabolites originate from the plant host or the fungus itself. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> The only credible publications have described the production of auxins, 2-(1H-indol-3-yl) acetic acid, ethyl 2-(1H-indol-3-yl) acetate, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20)</a> and (S)-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(21)</a> by axenic Exobasidium cultures.This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of Exobasidium secondary metabolites, their isolation, structure determination, and biological activities.<h4>2. Results and Discussion</h4><h5>2.1. Structure Elucidation</h5>In this study, we identified six new pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives, gunacin A–E (2–7), along with the known compounds gunacin (1) and the isocoumarin derivative (+) orthosporin (8) (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsomega.5c01325#fig1">Figure 1</a>). Gunacin (1) (2R,3S,4R)-3,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-2-methyl-5,10-dioxo-3,4,5,10-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[g]chromen-4-yl acetate was obtained as orange-red needles which crystallized from the MeOH/CH2Cl2 mixture. With the molecular formula C17H16O8, determined by positive high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS), data showed a protonated ion [M + H]+ at m/z 349.0920 (calcd for C17H16O8+, 349.0918).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2025_10_22_23222_23234_Figure_1_List_of_isolated_compounds_9cc7c55e6c.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2025, 10, 22, 23222–23234: Figure 1. List of isolated compounds." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2025_10_22_23222_23234_Figure_1_List_of_isolated_compounds_9cc7c55e6c.jpg 239w," sizes="100vw" width="1399" height="914"><h5>2.2. Biological Activity</h5>The antimicrobial activity of compounds 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 was evaluated against model microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Kocuria rhizophila, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans. All tested compounds demonstrated better inhibitory activity against bacteria compared with the positive control, chloramphenicol. The activity against yeasts was approximately on par with the positive control, cycloheximide, except for 3, which showed no inhibitory activity even at the highest tested concentration of 66.7 μM (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsomega.5c01325#tbl5">Table 5</a>).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2025_10_22_23222_23234_Table_5_Minimal_Inhibition_Concentration_MIC_of_Compounds_Gunacin_fc54aa5e02.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2025, 10, 22, 23222–23234: Table 5. Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of Compounds Gunacin (1), Gunacin A (2), Gunacin B1 (3), Gunacin B2 (4), Gunacin C (5), Gunacin D (6), and Gunacin E (7) against Model Pathogenic Microorganisms E. coli, K. rhizophila, C. neoformans, and C. albicansa" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2025_10_22_23222_23234_Table_5_Minimal_Inhibition_Concentration_MIC_of_Compounds_Gunacin_fc54aa5e02.jpg 226w," sizes="100vw" width="1115" height="770">In terms of the morphological effects, HeLa cells and human fibroblasts were examined. The efficacy of 5 on primary fibroblasts is evidenced by the complete disappearance of the MitoTracker Red CMXRos mitochondrial signal at a concentration of 5 μM, which is indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly with regard to the mitochondrial membrane potential. At higher concentrations, the cells lose their adherence to the surface. At lower concentrations, the actin cytoskeleton remains unaffected, showing the compound’s selectivity for mitochondria. In contrast, HeLa cells are more resistant, with effects on mitochondrial physiology only observed at the highest tested concentration of 125 μM, while the actin skeleton remains unchanged. Compound 1 has similar activity as 5, HeLa cells are significantly more resistant, with notable alterations in cellular morphology only at 125 μM. Effects on fibroblasts were observed at 5 μM, including a loss of polymerized actin and mitochondrial signal. Compound 7 did not show significant toxicity even at 125 μM on Hela cells, except for a slight decrease in the green signal for actin. The concentration 25 μM did not show any notable effect on fibroblast cell line but concentration 125 μM caused complete loss of live adherent cells. Compound 3 was more potent against HeLa cells, showing a weaker morphological effect at 25 μM but caused complete loss of live adherent cells at 125 μM, with only a weak effect on mitochondrial signal in fibroblast cells at 125 μM (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsomega.5c01325#fig4">Figure 4</a>).<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2025_10_22_23222_23234_Figure_4_Visualization_of_the_effects_of_compound_1_3_5_7_on_the_morphology_of_He_La_adenocarcinoma_cell_line_2d1b03cf08.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2025, 10, 22, 23222–23234: Figure 4. Visualization of the effects of compound 1, 3, 5, 7 on the morphology of HeLa adenocarcinoma cell line (left) and primary human skin fibroblasts (right). DMSO was used as a solvent and as a control. Mitochondria are visualized using MitoTracker Red CMXRos (red), the actin cytoskeleton with Phalloidin (green), and nuclei with DAPI (blue)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2025_10_22_23222_23234_Figure_4_Visualization_of_the_effects_of_compound_1_3_5_7_on_the_morphology_of_He_La_adenocarcinoma_cell_line_2d1b03cf08.jpg 158w," sizes="100vw" width="1437" height="1421">Our study is also one of the few focusing on metabolites from smut fungi (specifically the order Exobasidiales), demonstrating that these overlooked fungi are potent producers of secondary metabolites. Little is known about the ecological role of the compounds they produce. The species we studied is not known to develop a pathogenic phase, which is otherwise typical for all members of the genus Exobasidium. Thus, it remains unclear whether these metabolites are involved in plant interactions. Instead, they might play a role in microbial competition within their environment.<h4>3. Experimental Procedures</h4><h5>3.1. General Experimental Procedures</h5>Optical rotations were determined using a Rudolph Research Analytical Autopol III automatic polarimeter in MeOH or acetone. NMR spectra were obtained using a Bruker Avance III 700 MHz spectrometer (700 MHz for 1H, 176 MHz for 13C) and a Bruker Avance III 600 MHz spectrometer (600 MHz for 1H, 151 MHz for 13C). All samples were measured in CD2Cl2. The spectra were referenced by the residual signal of the solvent (CD2Cl2: δH 5.323 ppm, δC 53.87 ppm). HRESIMS analysis and tandem mass spectrometry were performed on a Bruker qTOF Compact instrument with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=1290+Infinity+II">Agilent 1290 Infinity II high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)</a> instrument equipped with <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/products/1514">Kinetex biphenyl columns</a> (100 × 2.1; 100 Å). Semipreparative HPLC was carried out on a Waters instrument equipped with a 2487 UV detector and Gemini C18 column (5 μm, 110 Å, 250 × 10.00 mm). Column chromatography (CC) was performed on Sephadex LH-20 (150 g, GE Healthcare Bio-Science, Sweden), STRATA C18 column (20 g, 55 μm, 70 Å Phenomenex); silica gel (0.035–0.070 mm, 70 Å, Lachner) fractions were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV–vis detection using an Alliance HPLC 2988 dual photodiode array (PDA) detector equipped with a Gemini C18 analytical column (5 μm, 110 Å, 250 × 4.6 mm). The melting point was determined using CNYST micromelting point measuring instrument and are uncorrected.

Gunacins: Novel Benzo[g]chromene Derivatives from the Fungus Exobasidium sp. and Their Potent Anti-Leishmania and Trypanosoma Activities

In the week from December 8, the following webinars await you in the field of atomic and molecular spectroscopy and spectrometry<blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinars">👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</a></h4>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database with over 5 000 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars.</blockquote><h5>1. AZoM: Achieving Net-Zero – Precision Monitoring in CCUS and Downstream Chemicals</h5><ul><li>Tu, 9.12.2025 16:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/5693">Registration</a></li></ul>Explore how FTIR and mass spectrometry provide real-time monitoring of CO₂ purity and impurities in CCUS pipelines, supporting safety, compliance, and efficient e-fuel production.<h5>2. SelectScience: Connecting at-line UV-Vis with in-line Process Raman for Real-Time Protein and Excipient Monitoring</h5><ul><li>Tu, 9.12.2025 16:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/5671">Registration</a></li></ul>Join us to explore how UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy work together to deliver a complete picture of bioprocess performance.<h5>3. Agilent Technologies: Determination of Extractable and Leachable Elements Using ICP-MS</h5><ul><li>Tu, 9.12.2025 21:30 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/3211">Registration</a></li></ul>We will share an E&amp;L study showing potential drug contamination under extreme conditions (extractables) and contamination occurring during normal or extended storage (leachables).<h5>4. Mettler-Toledo: Thermal Analysis of Phase Change Materials</h5><ul><li>Th, 11.12.2025 08:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/4754">Registration</a></li></ul>Join our upcoming webinar to explore effective techniques and practical applications to help you characterize your own phase-change materials (PCMs).<h5>5. Agilent Technologies: Tips and Tricks – How to Best Use the Handheld Raman Vaya</h5><ul><li>Th, 11.12.2025 15:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/5747">Registration</a></li></ul>Join us for the second session on Vaya Method Development Tips and Tricks!<h5>6. Anton Paar: Heated Stories – What DSC Reveals About Polymers</h5><ul><li>Th, 11.12.2025 18:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/5727">Registration</a></li></ul>In this webinar, we deep-dive into the interpretation of DSC data across a range of polymer systems.

Webinars LabRulezICPMS Week 50/2025

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezICPMS Library in the week of 8th December 2025? Check out new documents from the field of spectroscopy/spectrometry and related techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT SPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezGCMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, LECO, and Shimadzu!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Measurement of Opaque Liquids with UV-Vis and ATR</h3>Combining the Agilent Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer with an ATR fiber-optic probe<ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_cary_60_atr_opaque_liquids_5994_8652en_agilent_e7b9efab4d.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Today, ATR is considered synonymous with FTIR spectroscopy, being the most widely used sampling technique. However, ATR can also be applied to UV-Vis spectroscopy, offering particular benefits for measuring opaque liquids with a fiber-optic probe.&nbsp;Samples such as paints, inks, food colorings, sunscreens, and liquid medications are often highly pigmented, rendering them optically opaque. In some cases, measurement of these types of samples using a standard 10 mm path length cuvette may be possible, but only after several hundred‑fold dilution, requiring significant solvent consumption and introducing the possibility of large dilution errors. In the case of emulsion samples such as paints and sunscreens, dilution is often not possible without the sample "splitting" and separating into its component parts.&nbsp;ATR spectroscopy is an innovative sampling technique that overcomes these challenges. In ATR, incident light from the spectrometer is directed into a measurement crystal at an angle. Internal reflections within the crystal generate an evanescent wave at the crystal surface, allowing samples in direct contact with the crystal to interact with the standing wave and absorb some of the light energy.&nbsp;In a UV-Vis fiber-optic ATR probe, a commonly used crystal is sapphire, with the incident light directed into the crystal to form an angle of 60° at the crystal surface. The crystal is designed to create three bounces at the surfaces (Figure&nbsp;1). The "effective height" of the wave above the surface is a function of the relative refractive indices of the crystal and the sample medium, the angle of incidence, and the wavelength. The multiple bounces extend the effective path length. For this probe, the effective pathlength at 250&nbsp;nm is approximately 3 μm and increases to approximately 13 μm at 1,000&nbsp;nm.<h4>Experimental&nbsp;</h4>Example data were collected using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=Cary+60+UV-Vis">Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer </a>equipped with a fiber-optic interface and Hellma Katana XP 6, 3-bounce ATR probe (Hellma part number PK1KSSZUEASM210N). Spectra were collected by first measuring a baseline using the clean crystal, followed by sample measurement with the crystal immersed in the sample. The Agilent <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=Cary+WinUV">Cary WinUV software</a> was used to collect the spectra as well as to process the measured spectra. All spectra were collected using the measurement conditions shown in Table 1.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>This application note demonstrates how an Agilent Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer, when combined with a Hellma Katana XP 6 ATR probe, provides a practical and easy-to-use solution for measuring optically opaque liquids that would otherwise require extensive dilution, and for monitoring reactions with absorbance changes too large for conventional methods. The Cary 60 UV-Vis with the ATR probe combination is a powerful tool for a wide range of applications, including routine quality control, R&amp;D studies, and research and teaching laboratories.<h3>2. LECO: Determination of Nitrogen/Protein in Meat and Plant-Based Meat Alternatives</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/FP_828_NITROGEN_PROTEIN_MEAT_PLANT_BASED_MEAT_ALTERNATIVES_203_821_680_266d8d12f8.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Protein is one of the most significant nutrient components in food products. The accurate and precise determination of protein not only plays a role in the characterization of nutritional or dietary value in food materials but is also the key to the economic value of these materials. Protein in meat products is most commonly calculated using the measured nitrogen content in the sample and a multiplier or conversion factor (commonly 6.25). Nitrogen determination is performed using either the classical wet chemical method (Kjeldahl) or a combustion method (Dumas). The Kjeldahl method involves sample digestion, distillation, and ammonia determination typically by titration. This method involves time-consuming sample preparation and the use of hazardous materials. The LECO FP828 is a nitrogen determinator that utilizes an automated combustion (Dumas) method and provides accurate and precise results in approximately three minutes. This eliminates involved sample preparation and the use of hazardous materials resulting in a rapid, cost-effective method for the quality control of the production of meat and plant-based protein products.<h4>Instrument Model and Configuration&nbsp;</h4>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=24&amp;search=FP828">LECO FP828</a> is a combustion Nitrogen/Protein determinator that utilizes a pure Oxygen environment in a vertical quartz furnace, ensuring complete combustion and superior analyte recovery. A thermoelectric cooler removes moisture from the combustion gases before they are collected in a ballast. The combustion gases equilibrate and mix in the ballast before a representative aliquot (3 cm3 or 10 cm3 volume) of the gas is extracted and introduced into a flowing stream of inert gas (Helium or Argon) for analysis. The aliquot gas is carried to a thermal conductivity cell (TC) for the detection of Nitrogen (N2).Thermal conductivity detectors work by detecting changes in the thermal conductivity of the analyte gas compared to a reference/carrier gas. The greater the difference between the thermal conductivity of the carrier gas and the analyte gas, the greater sensitivity of the detector.&nbsp;The FP828 supports either the use of Helium or Argon as the instrument's carrier gas. When used as a carrier gas, Helium provides the highest sensitivity, and the best performance at the lower limit of the Nitrogen range.&nbsp;The thermal conductivity difference between Argon and Nitrogen is not as great as the thermal conductivity difference between Helium and Nitrogen, therefore the detector is inherently less sensitive when using Argon as a carrier gas.<h4>TYPICAL RESULTS&nbsp;</h4>Data was generated utilizing a linear, force through origin calibration using ~0.25 g of LECO 502-896 (Lot 1007) LCRM EDTA (9.59% N). The calibration † was verified using ~0.1 g of LECO 502-642 (Lot 1020) LCRM Phenylalanine (8.46% N). A protein factor of 6.25 was used for all samples to calculate the protein content.<h3>3. Shimadzu: Analysis of Combustion Ash from Biomass Power Generation by EDXRF</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00716_en_9995b70230.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>User Benefits</h4><ul><li>EDXRF enables analysis of Na and K, which cause fluidization problems (agglomeration) in circulating fluidized bed boilers in biomass power generation.</li><li>Simple qualitative/quantitative analysis of elements is possible with minimal sample preparation.</li><li>Comparative analysis of heterogeneous samples in the as-received condition and in the homogenized condition after crushing is possible.</li></ul>In biomass power generation, electricity is generated by using bioresources (biomass) derived from animal and plant sources as a carbon neutral fuel. Biomass power is expected to contribute to reducing total CO2 emissions, and in recent years, the number of woody biomass power plants using wood chips, pellets, and palm kernelshells(PKS) hasincreased. Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers used in woody biomass power generation generate power by circulating and burning biomass fuel together with silica sand, which is as a fluidized bed medium. However, alkali metal elements (Na, K) contained in the fuel adhere to the surface of the silica sand and combustion ash, causing the particles to stick together and form agglomerates (lumps, coarse particles), which are considered to cause boiler damage and fluidization problems (agglomeration) in the fluidized bed 1) .&nbsp;In this article, a Qual-Quant analysis of PKS combustion ash and its coarse particles was conducted using an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=EDX-8100">EDX-8100</a> energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF). Since adhesion of alkali metal elements was detected on the surface of agglomerated lumps, which are considered to cause the problem of agglomeration, analysis of combustion ash by EDXRF can contribute to operational management of combustion furnaces by monitoring the conditionsin the combustion furnace.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>Based on the results of a qualitative analysis of lumps (coarse particles of bottom ash), which are thought to cause agglomeration (defluidization) of the fluidized bed, in the combustion ash of PKS, it was found that alkali metal elements (Na and K) had adhered to the surface of the particles. Since EDXRF enables Qual-Quant analysis of elements with only simple sample preparation, it is considered a useful technique for monitoring the progress of agglomeration and deterioration of the silica sand in the power generation using PKS or woody biomass. Periodic measurements by EDXRF can also be expected to prevent damage and deterioration in combustion furnaces and equipmentstops due to defluidization.

News from LabRulezICPMS Library - Week 50, 2025

In the week from December 15, the following webinars await you in the field of atomic and molecular spectroscopy and spectrometry<blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinars">👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</a></h4>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database with over 5 000 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars.</blockquote><h5>1. Bruker: Hyperspectral Characterization of Advanced Materials using AFM</h5><ul><li>Tu, 16.12.2025 17:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/5751">Registration</a></li></ul>We warmly invite you to join us for this webinar on the hyperspectral characterization of advanced materials using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).<h5>2. SPECTRO Analytical Instruments: Understanding the Difference Between Type and Control Standards in Elemental Analysis</h5><ul><li>Tu, 16.12.2025 17:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/5730">Registration</a></li></ul>Discover how type and control standards enhance calibration, precision, and QC stability in arc/spark OES and XRF analysis, including practical software integration tips.<h5>3. Agilent Technologies: Analysis of Aqueous Environmental Samples Using UV-Vis Instrumentation</h5><ul><li>Tu, 16.12.2025 21:30 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/2533">Registration</a></li></ul>Discover even more environmental analyses you can perform with the Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer.<h5>4. Agilent Technologies: Microplastics Identification – Tips &amp; Tricks Workshop</h5><ul><li>Th, 18.12.2025 20:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/4588">Registration</a></li></ul>This workshop demonstrates the workflow for analyzing microplastic samples using the Agilent 8700 Laser Direct Infrared Imaging (LDIR) system.

Webinars LabRulezICPMS Week 51/2025

Sequential versus Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Biomarkers in Individual Cells by ICP-MS and Mass Cytometry: A Focus on Immunotherapy

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezICPMS Library in the week of 15th December 2025? Check out new documents from the field of spectroscopy/spectrometry and related techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT SPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezGCMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, Metrohm and Shimadzu!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Measurement of Bidirectional Transmittance Distribution Function</h3>Using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=Cary+7000">Agilent Cary 7000</a> universal measurement spectrophotometer<ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_btdf_cary_7000_ums_5994_8679en_agilent_c2ced43759.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>The bidirectional transmittance distribution function (BTDF) is a fundamental concept in optical metrology, describing how light is transmitted through a material in various directions. Understanding BTDF is essential for characterizing the optical properties of materials.&nbsp;To address BTDF, it is important to first understand the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF). BSDF encompasses both the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) and BTDF. While BRDF measures how light is reflected off a surface, BTDF focuses on the transmission of light through a material. Together, these functions provide a comprehensive picture of how light interacts with materials, enabling precise characterization of their optical&nbsp;behavior.1,3&nbsp;BTDF measurements are used in diverse fields to understand how light is transmitted through materials. In computer graphics, BTDF data enables realistic rendering of materials, enhancing visual simulations and animations with lifelike quality.4 Remote sensing relies on BTDF to calibrate satellite sensors, improving the accuracy of earth observation data necessary for monitoring environmental changes and weather patterns.5 Optical device design benefits from BTDF measurements by optimizing the performance of lenses, diffusers, and light-emitting devices, ensuring efficient light transmission.4 In materials science, BTDF characterizes the optical properties of new materials, aiding in the development of advanced composites and coatings.6 The food industry uses BTDF to assess the quality and consistency of products through their optical characteristics, which is vital for quality control.6 The solar industry uses BTDF to enhance the efficiency of solar panels and photovoltaic devices by understanding light transmission properties.6 Additionally, the aerospace sector uses BTDF to evaluate the optical properties of materials used in satellites and other space applications, ensuring reliable performance under various&nbsp;conditions.4&nbsp;The focus of this work is to demonstrate that BTDF measurements in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectral range can be easily performed using the Agilent&nbsp;Cary 7000 universal measurement spectrophotometer (UMS), Figure 1. Alternatively, the Agilent Cary 5000 and 6000i instruments equipped with the universal measurement accessory (UMA) may also be used for BTDF measurements. These instruments offer automated control over detector position, sample rotation, and polarization, making BTDF measurements straightforward and&nbsp;reliable.<h4>Setup for the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=Cary+7000">Cary 7000 UMS&nbsp;</a></h4>The Cary 7000 UMS was used for measurements of directional and bidirectional transmittance with in-plane geometries ranging from −85° to 85° viewing angles. The instrument is easily configured using Agilent Cary WinUV software, as shown in Figures 4 and 5, and method parameters are summarized in Table 1. The source system included a quartz tungsten-halogen lamp and a deuterium arc lamp for UV illumination, coupled with a Littrow out-of-plane DMC. The DMC output slit provided a 4 nm bandwidth for the illuminating beam. The optics directed the beam onto a chopper, forming a double-beam photometric configuration. The reference beam monitored the illumination source for any drift in intensity, while the sample beam was shaped by vertical and horizontal slits to control convergence, resulting in an approximately 5.0 × 4.5 mm beam spot on the sample.&nbsp;The detection system included a set of turntables regulated by an optical encoder wheel with an angular resolution of 0.02°. The sample holder and detector turntables set the incident and viewing zenith angles within ± 85°. If BRDF were to be performed, excluded angles would be between ± 10° due to shadowing by the detector. The detector setup featured a calibrated aperture with an 18.00 mm diameter and a sample-to-detector-aperture distance of 129 mm, resulting in a solid angle of 0.0153 sr. The scattered light was collected by an off‑axis mirror onto a dual-band Si/InGaAs photodetector for the visible and NIR wavelength range.<h4>Results and discussion</h4><h5>BTDF measurement by the Cary 7000&nbsp;UMS&nbsp;</h5>The Cary 7000 UMS was used to measure the spectral BTDF of two samples: fused synthetic silica (HOD‑500) and porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Measurements were conducted across the wavelength range of 450 to 1,650 nm in 50 nm intervals, and viewing zenith angles from –35° to 35° in 5° steps. Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the BTDF results for both samples. Figure 6A shows the BTDF of the HOD‑500 sample, while Figure 6B presents the BTDF of the PTFE sample. Both samples exhibited near-Lambertian characteristics and a smooth increase in BTDF as a function of wavelength.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>The Cary 7000 universal measurement spectrophotometer (UMS) is an effective and user-friendly instrument for assessing the bidirectional transmittance distribution function (BTDF) across visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Its automated features, including detector positioning, sample rotation, and polarization control, streamline the measurement process, ensuring simplicity and reliability. The Cary 7000 UMS consistently delivers precise results with acceptable levels of uncertainty, making it ideal for routine BTDF assessments. Its intuitive interface and seamless integration with Cary WinUV software make it versatile for various optical metrology applications, offering a practical solution for both researchers and industry professionals.<h3>2. Metrohm: Online zinc/nickel plating bath analysis with X-ray fluorescence</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_pan_1069_download_66948900d9.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Electroplating is a technique that uses electrical current to apply a thin coating of one material, such as nickel or zinc, onto the surface of another material, such as copper. Zinc and zinc-based alloys, such as zinc-nickel (Zn/Ni), are commonly used to protect steel from corrosion. Zn-Ni alloys are especially popular, as they offer a corrosion resistance that is greater than that of pure zinc [2,3].&nbsp;Both alkaline and acidic Zn/Ni baths are commonly used for electroplating (Figure 1). Each bath type offers unique advantages depending on the application [4]. Alkaline Zn/Ni baths are known for producing highly uniform coatings with good throwing power, making them ideal for complexshaped components. On the other hand, acidic Zn/Ni baths offer higher deposition rates and can deliver smooth, bright finishes that are often preferred for aesthetic applications [4].Electroplating baths are sensitive to various processrelated fluctuations that significantly impact metal deposition and influence the final coating thickness and quality. These variations can arise due to changes in temperature, plating tank metal concentration levels, or contamination. Analyzing the bath solution frequently is crucial to maintain stable plating conditions and minimize material waste. Continuous monitoring of the plating solutions helps ensure that the concentration of metals remains within the optimal range.&nbsp;The metal content in electroplating baths is often measured manually in on-site laboratories. Classical wet chemistry techniques, AAS, and ICP-OES are commonly used for this purpose. While these methods are effective, they can be time consuming, require skilled personnel, and may not provide realtime data. This potentially leads to delayed corrections and material inefficiencies. Modern process analytical technologies (PAT) are increasingly being adopted in electroplating operations to automate and optimize the monitoring of plating baths. These systems continuously analyze critical bath parameters such as metal concentration, pH, temperature, and conductivity in real time. All these factors directly influence the quality and uniformity of the deposited metal coating.The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=220&amp;search=2060+XRF+Process+Analyzer">2060 XRF Process Analyzer</a> from Metrohm Process Analytics (Figure 2) offers an effective solution to continuously monitor electroplating baths. By providing real-time measurements of metal concentrations such as Zn and Ni, this process analyzer helps maintain the ideal bath composition required for consistent and high-quality coatings.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The 2060 XRF Process Analyzer is a reliable solution for the metal finishing industry, offering real-time monitoring of zinc and nickel concentrations in electroplating baths. Its ability to continuously measure these key bath parameters ensures consistent coating quality, reduces material waste, and improves process efficiency.<h3>3. Shimadzu: Determination of Elemental Impurities in Petroleum Distillates Using ICP-MS ~ASTM D8110-17~</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00922_en_0b99a9bc9e.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>User Benefits</h4><ul><li>&nbsp;Enables the analysis of elemental impurities in various kinds of petroleum distillates (light and middle distillates) with the sample preparation method that involves only dilution with organic solvents.</li><li>Metal elements in petroleum distillates (light and middle distillates) can be accurately analyzed over a long period of time.</li><li>Solvent-resistant peristaltic pump tubing enables the addition of internal standard elements in-line, even for organic solvent analysis, thereby eliminating the need for manual addition.</li></ul>The concentration of metal elements in petroleum products needs to be controlled due to concerns that they can act as catalyst poisons and affect product quality. Additionally, it is important to measure the concentration of heavy metals to reduce environmental impact during emissions. Traditionally, analytical methods using ICP Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICPOES), such as ASTM D7111-161), have been employed to determine metal elements in petroleum products. However, in recent years, there has been a demand for more sensitive analytical methods using ICP mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), such as ASTM D8110-172), to detecttrace amounts of metal elements.&nbsp;ASTM D8110-17 is the test method for the analysis of elements in petroleum distillates (light and middle distillates) using ICP-MS. Since this method involves diluting the sample with organic solvents, it is necessary to introduce organic solvent samples into the ICP-MS.&nbsp;In this Application News, various light and middle distillates were diluted with organic solvents in accordance with ASTM D8110-17 and trace elements were analyzed using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=ICPMS-2050">ICPMS-2050</a> (Fig. 1). The validity of the analytical results was confirmed through spike recovery tests and the analysis of reference material for residual fuel oil. Additionally, the stability of the analysis over long periods of time was evaluated.<h4>Removal of Interference and Detection Limit&nbsp;</h4>To analyze metal elements with high sensitivity in organic solvents, it is important to eliminate interference caused by carbon from the organic solvent. For example, there are carbonderived polyatomic ion interferences such as 12C12C+ for 24Mg, 12C16O+ for 28Si, and 40Ar12C+ for 52Cr. By using collision mode with helium gas or reaction mode with hydrogen gas, these interferences can be eliminated, enabling sensitive analysis. As an example, Fig. 2 shows the calibration curve for Mg under each condition. In the No Gas mode, the influence of 12C12C+ results in a high background equivalent concentration (BEC), making it challenging to analyze trace amounts of 24Mg. However, in collision mode, the interference from 12C12C+ was reduced, and BEC of 80 ng/g was obtained. Furthermore, in reaction mode, the interference from 12C12C+ was significantly reduced, and BEC of 0.8 ng/g was obtained, which enables trace amounts of 24Mg analysis. Detection limits are shown in Table 4. The detection limit was calculated as the concentration that gives a signal equivalent to three times the standard deviation (σ) of the calibration blank sample (STD0).<h4>Long Term Stability&nbsp;</h4>To evaluate the long-term stability of organic solvent analysis using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=ICPMS-2050">ICPMS-2050</a>, light and middle distillates were analyzed over approximately 6 hours. To confirm the variability of the quantitative results, Check Standards were analyzed before sample analysis, every 10 samples, and at the end of the analysis. The results are shown in Fig. 3. All quantitative results of the Check Standard fell within the range of 90 to 110 % based on the prepared concentrations, which meets the validation requirements of ASTM D8110-17 (red dashed line). Additionally, the change in the intensity of the internal standard elements over approximately 6 hours are shown in Fig. 4. The change in intensity of the internal standard elements were within 90 to 120 %, which also falls within the validation requirements of 50 to 150 % asspecified in ASTM D8110-17 (red dashed line). These results indicate that the ICPMS-2050 has sufficient long term stability for the analysis of organic solvent samples.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>In this Application News, the analysis of metal elements in light and middle distillates was performed using the ICPMS-2050 and the organic solvent introduction system. Good results were obtained from spiking recovery tests and the analysis of reference material for residual fuel oil, demonstrating that trace metal elements in light and middle distillates can be accurately quantified with a simple sample preparation method that involves only dilution with organic solvents. Furthermore, the recoveries of the Check Standards and the change in intensity of the internal standard elements also satisfied the validation requirements of ASTM D8110-17, confirming stable analysis over long periods of time. Since it is possible to analyze without the complex procedures required for acid decomposition, the risk of volatilization or contamination of the target elements during the sample preparation process is reduced. Additionally, the use of solventresistant peristaltic pump tubing enables the in-line addition of internal standard elements, further reducing the time required for sample preparation.

News from LabRulezICPMS Library - Week 51, 2025

This study evaluated the effects of prolonged proton pump inhibitor (PPI) administration on mineral nutrient bioavailability using a rat model. Animals treated with omeprazole for up to 60 days were assessed for physiological, biochemical, and hematological changes, alongside elemental analysis using ICP-MS.Results showed significant alterations in blood markers and imbalances in essential elements such as iron, copper, and calcium in both blood and organs. These findings indicate that long-term PPI use may impair nutrient absorption and physiological stability, underscoring potential risks of mineral deficiency associated with extended PPI therapy.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c07700">Evaluation of the Long-Term Administration of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in the Mineral Nutrient’s Bioavailability</a></h4>Andréa Santana de Brito, Angerson Nogueira do Nascimento*, Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca, Alexandre Minami Fioroto, Giuliana Petri, and Rafaela Garcia Vidigal do NascimentoACS Omega 2025, 10, 46, 56085–56095<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c07700">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c07700</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.The human body requires a diverse array of nutrients, each fulfilling distinct physiological roles that underpin both health and disease prevention. These compounds, broadly divided into macronutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and micronutrients, are obtained primarily through the diet. While macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities to supply energy and support tissue growth and repair, micronutrients, including a variety of vitamins and minerals, are needed in much smaller amounts. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1−4)</a>Minerals can be further subdivided into macroelements and microelements, depending on the amounts required by the body. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a> Macroelements such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium are needed in higher concentrations and participate in structural, neuromuscular, and hydroelectrolytic balance functions. Microelements, including iron, zinc, and copper are required in trace amounts, however, they play crucial roles as enzyme cofactors, antioxidants, and regulators of immune function. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(6)</a>Among these minerals, calcium is critical for blood clotting, neuromuscular excitability, and nerve impulse transmission. Iron is essential for hemoglobin production and is a component of enzymes such as cytochrome oxidase, catalases, and dehydrogenases found in skeletal muscle. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7−9)</a> Copper contributes to iron mobilization for hemoglobin synthesis and functions as a catalytic cofactor of cuproenzymes, which are necessary for cellular respiration, neurotransmitter biosynthesis, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue formation. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10,11)</a> Zinc is involved in cell replication, phagocytic activity, sexual maturation, fertility, and reproduction. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(12)</a> Magnesium and potassium are essential for cardiac function, skeletal muscle contraction, and cellular respiration. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(13−15)</a> Deficiency in these nutrients can lead to disorders such as anemia, osteoporosis, arrhythmia, and chronic kidney disease. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(16−18)</a>Considering the importance of these elements in the human diet and their contributions to physiological functions, numerous bioaccessibility studies have been conducted to identify and quantify nutrients in foods. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(19)</a> However, while total nutrient concentrations provide insights into the chemical composition of foods, they do not necessarily reflect the amounts absorbed by the body. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,2)</a> Several factors influence nutrient bioavailability, one of which is the use of medications. For instance, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are particularly relevant in this context, as they are widely prescribed and concerns have been raised regarding their potential overuse. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20−23)</a> Omeprazole, one of the most prescribed PPIs, is recommended for short-term use, typically not exceeding 8 weeks. Nevertheless, chronic and unregulated consumption is frequently observed, raising concerns about possible health risks. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(24)</a>PPIs act by increasing intragastric pH and significantly reducing hydrogen ion concentration, thereby hindering nutrient bioavailability during gastric transit. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(25,26)</a> Their use has been associated with adverse health impacts, including increased risk of infections due to suppressed gastric acidity, alterations in gastric microbiota, and bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(27,28)</a> Moreover, long-term omeprazole administration may negatively affect kidney function, although the immunological mechanisms underlying PPI-induced toxicity remain unclear. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(29,30)</a>Current evidence suggests a potential impact of PPIs on nutritional status, which is potentially associated with undernutrition. However, existing studies in this field remain inconsistent. For instance, a study conducted on older hospitalized patients demonstrated no significant association between long-term PPI use and undernutrition. Conversely, in certain studies, PPI administration has been linked to weight gain. Additionally, a cardiology study indicated an association between PPIs and increased nutritional risks among patients undergoing rehabilitation following treatment for ischemic and valvular heart disease. These differences highlight the need for further investigations to evaluate the effects of PPIs on nutritional status. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(31,32)</a>In this context, this study aims to investigate the relationship between omeprazole administration and its potential effects on the absorption and bioavailability of Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and K. Furthermore, physiological parameters and hematological profiles were assessed in rats to provide complementary insights.<h4>Materials and Methods</h4><h5>Elemental Determination in Biological Samples</h5>The solutions resulting from acid digestion were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=2&amp;search=icap+Q">iCAP Q</a>, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cambridge, England) equipped with a quadrupole mass analyzer. Calibration and internal standard solutions for ICP–MS analysis were prepared from multielemental solutions (G1516 V and MICPG1583V, Quimlab Produtos de Quı́mica Fina Ltda, São José dos Campos, Brazil). Calibration and internal standard solutions were obtained by serial dilutions within the concentration range of 0.1–100 ppb. The internal standard concentration was fixed at 50 ppb. Intermediate solutions were prepared in 0.1% HNO3, with deionized water used for dilution. Linear regression was applied, and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LQ) were calculated from ten measurements of the analytical blank. The instrumental parameters used in the operation of ICP–MS are described in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c07700#tbl1">Table 1</a>.<h4>Results and Discussion</h4><h5>Elemental Determination in Biological Samples</h5>The distribution of Fe, Cu, Mg, Zn, Ca, and K in different tissues was investigated to evaluate the effects of omeprazole administration on elemental homeostasis in rats. Synchrony among nutrient absorption, usage, and storage is essential for maintaining the physiological balance. Hence, a comprehensive evaluation of these elements is critical for identifying potential disturbances caused by drug exposure.Liver, stomach, and spleen samples were analyzed using ICP–MS. Despite the limited literature available on the effects of drugs on minerals and trace element concentrations in humans and animals, the application of ICP–MS for elemental determination in these tissues holds significant clinical and scientific relevance. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(48−50)</a> These organs were selected due to their essential roles in physiological processes. Elemental analysis provides valuable insights into their chemical composition, particularly given their participation in blood formation. Substantial alterations in their elemental composition may result in physiological complications. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(9,10,51)</a> The results are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c07700#fig3">Figures 3</a>–<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c07700#fig5">5</a>, with detailed discussions for each organ provided in the following sections.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2025_10_46_56085_56095_Figure_3_Mean_concentrations_of_Cu_Mg_K_Zn_Fe_and_Ca_in_liver_determined_by_ICP_MS_6f22d04927.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2025, 10, 46, 56085–56095: Figure 3. Mean concentrations of Cu, Mg, K, Zn, Fe, and Ca in liver determined by ICP–MS. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (μg/g). (a) Copper; (b) iron; (c) magnesium; (d) calcium; (e) potassium; and (f) zinc. The control group is represented in black, and the treatment group in blue. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (p &lt;0.05)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2025_10_46_56085_56095_Figure_3_Mean_concentrations_of_Cu_Mg_K_Zn_Fe_and_Ca_in_liver_determined_by_ICP_MS_6f22d04927.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2084" height="861"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2025_10_46_56085_56095_Figure_4_Mean_concentrations_of_Cu_Mg_K_Zn_Fe_and_Ca_in_stomach_determined_by_ICP_MS_bee33d2e31.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2025, 10, 46, 56085–56095: Figure 4. Mean concentrations of Cu, Mg, K, Zn, Fe, and Ca in stomach determined by ICP–MS. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (μg/g). (a) Copper; (b) magnesium; (c) potassium; (d) zinc; (e) iron; and (f) calcium. The control group is represented in black, and the treatment group in blue. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (p &lt;0.05)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2025_10_46_56085_56095_Figure_4_Mean_concentrations_of_Cu_Mg_K_Zn_Fe_and_Ca_in_stomach_determined_by_ICP_MS_bee33d2e31.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2084" height="861"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2025_10_46_56085_56095_Figure_5_Mean_concentrations_of_Cu_Mg_K_Zn_Fe_and_Ca_in_spleen_determined_by_ICP_MS_5654555ada.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2025, 10, 46, 56085–56095: Figure 5. Mean concentrations of Cu, Mg, K, Zn, Fe, and Ca in spleen determined by ICP–MS. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (μg/g). (a) Copper; (b) magnesium; (c) potassium; (d) zinc; (e) iron; and (f) calcium. The control group is represented in black, and the treatment group in blue. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA (p &lt;0.05)." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2025_10_46_56085_56095_Figure_5_Mean_concentrations_of_Cu_Mg_K_Zn_Fe_and_Ca_in_spleen_determined_by_ICP_MS_5654555ada.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2084" height="861"><h4>Conclusion</h4>This study evaluated the effects of omeprazole administration on the absorption and bioavailability of essential nutrients, focusing on Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and K. Integrated analysis of hematological and biochemical profiles, along with the elemental composition of rat organs, revealed that omeprazole treatment significantly altered mineral homeostasis and relevant physiological parameters. Evidence of iron deficiency anemia was observed, characterized by reduced circulating Fe, decreased hemoglobin levels, lower red blood cell counts, and altered hematimetric indices. In addition, reductions in Cu levels may impair intestinal Fe reabsorption. Alterations in Ca, Mg, and K concentrations also indicate potential effects on bone metabolism and cardiovascular function.Overall, these results support the hypothesis that prolonged omeprazole use may interfere with nutrient absorption and promote systemic imbalances. Further investigations with extended treatment periods are recommended, particularly considering the chronic use of proton pump inhibitors in clinical practice.

Evaluation of the Long-Term Administration of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in the Mineral Nutrient’s Bioavailability

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezICPMS Library in the week of 22nd December 2025? Check out new documents from the field of spectroscopy/spectrometry and related techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT SPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezGCMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, Metrohm and Shimadzu!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Trace Elemental Analysis of Precursor Materials Using ICP-MS/MS</h3>Robust detection of Pt, Ag, Cd, and Ti in high-metal matrices using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=8900+ICP-QQQ">Agilent 8900 ICP-QQQ</a> and reactive cell gases&nbsp;<ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_precursor_materials_8900_icp_ms_5994_8841en_agilent_81f1d8ffb5.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Precursor materials are fundamental to the fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs). In atomic layer deposition (ALD), they enable the controlled growth of ultrathin films on semiconductor substrates—an essential capability for scaling advanced device architectures. Because even trace metal impurities in precursors can degrade film performance and device yield, both suppliers and manufacturers routinely analyze these materials. Due to its sensitivity and multi-elemental capabilities, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is the industry standard for assessing elemental impurities in semiconductor materials.1 However, the high concentration of the metallic (high-matrix) content of precursors and the prevalence of polyatomic and doubly charged ion (M++) spectral overlaps arising from the matrix on key analytes present challenges for accurate analysis by single-quadrupole ICP-MS. At one time, high-resolution (HR)-ICP-MS (m/Δm up to 10000) was the best choice for solving these kinds of analytical problems. But some interferences require a resolution that exceeds the capability of current HR-ICP-MS instruments. In these cases, the samples are sometimes diluted to reduce the concentration of matrix elements, but dilution cannot totally solve the interference and may negatively affect detection limits.&nbsp;Triple quadrupole ICP-MS (ICP-QQQ or ICP-MS/MS) combined with collision/reaction (CRC) gases overcomes these limitations by selectively removing or avoiding interferences without compromising sensitivity. Agilent ICP-QQQ systems use two quadrupoles (Q1 and Q2) as unit mass filters, enabling MS/MS operation and the controlled use of reactive cell gases. Q1 controls which ions enter the CRC and Q2 controls which ions reach the detector.2–4&nbsp;In this study, we evaluated the performance of the Agilent 8900 ICP-QQQ to determine key analytes in three simulated precursor materials. Each sample contained a highconcentration matrix of hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), or molybdenum (Mo), which cause interferences on platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), and cadmium (Cd) and titanium (Ti), respectively. To demonstrate the 8900 ICP-QQQ system’s ability to remove spectral interferences without sacrificing sensitivity, we quantified the four analytes in the three matrices using optimized instrument operating conditions.<h4>Experimental</h4><h4>Instrumentation&nbsp;</h4>An <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=1&amp;search=8900+ICP-QQQ">Agilent 8900 Semiconductor configuration ICP-QQQ</a> (#200) fitted with the optional m-lens was used for all measurements. The 8900 #200 includes an inert (HF-resistant) sample introduction system comprising a 200 μL/min MicroFlow PFA nebulizer, a PFA spray chamber, endcap, and connector tube, and a demountable torch with a 2.5 mm internal diameter (id) sapphire injector. The cones comprised a Pt-tipped sampling cone and Pt-tipped, Ni-based skimmer cone for m-lens. The samples were self-aspirated using an Agilent SPS 4 autosampler. Hot plasma conditions (1% CeO+ /Ce+ ) were used during the analysis of the high-matrix samples.&nbsp;The 8900 ICP-QQQ was operated in MS/MS mode for all measurements. Ammonia (NH3 ) —plus a flow of helium (He) as a buffer gas—and oxygen (O2 ) were used as reactive cell gases to resolve the matrix-based interferences. Various CRC tuning modes and Q1–Q2 mass setting combinations were tested to obtain the best conditions for each analyte. The optimized operating conditions for the analysis are detailed in Table 1.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>The Agilent 8900 Semiconductor configuration ICP-QQQ was evaluated for its ability to eliminate spectral interferences on four analytes—Pt, Ag, Cd, and Ti—in simulated semiconductor precursor materials using MS/MS and reactive cell gases. To accommodate challenging samples comprising Hf (500 ppm), Zr (500 ppm), and Mo (360 ppm) under hot plasma conditions (1% CeO+ /Ce+ ), the 8900 was equipped with the optional m-lens.&nbsp;Ammonia was applied in both on-mass and mass-shift modes to quantify Pt, Ag, and Cd at single-digit or sub-ppt levels. Oxygen on-mass mode effectively removed Mo-based doubly charged ion interferences on Ti, enabling accurate detection at single-digit ppt concentrations. Repeated analysis of the MoCl5 samples spiked at 50 ppt with %RSDs below 10% demonstrated the instrument’s robustness and consistent performance for ultratrace quantification in complex matrices.&nbsp;The 8900 ICP-QQQ delivered low background, high sensitivity, and reliable interference control, making it suitable for method development and trace-level screening of semiconductor materials.<h3>2. Metrohm: Fat content analysis in olive pomace with NIR spectroscopy</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_nir_137_download_bb86ed4a7f.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Olive pomace is the main residue of the olive oil extraction process. It is a thick sludge – the remaining pulpy material after most of the oil is removed from the olive paste. To extract the remaining oil it contains, the olive pomace is treated with solvents. After refining and mixing this with edible virgin olive oil for flavor, aroma, and color, olive pomace oil is obtained. Olive pomace oil is used in cooking for its milder flavor and stability at high temperatures [1], as well as being nutritionally relevant due to its high oleic acid content (C18:1) [2]. Olive pomace fat analysis is necessary to check the efficiency of the oil removal process. The official method to determine this requires a time-consuming drying step followed by solvent extraction. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, chemical-free method for olive pomace testing without any sample preparation.<h4>EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT</h4>140 samples of olive pomace were measured on a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=56&amp;search=NIR+Analyzer">Metrohm NIR Analyzer</a>. All measurements were performed in reflection mode (1000–2250 nm) using the large cup accessory. The samples were measured in rotation to collect spectral data from several areas. Spectral averaging of signals from several spots helped to reduce sample inhomogeneity. Metrohm software was used for all data acquisition and prediction model development.<h4>RESULTS</h4>The obtained NIR spectra of olive pomace samples (Figure 1) were used to create a prediction model for quantification of fat content. The quality of the prediction model was evaluated using a correlation diagram (Figure 2) which displays a high correlation between the NIR prediction and the reference values measured with Soxhlet extraction. The respective figures of merit (FOM) display the expected precision of a prediction during routine analysis.<h4>CONCLUSION&nbsp;</h4>This Application Note shows the feasibility of using NIR spectroscopy for olive pomace fat analysis. By using NIRS, chemical-free analysis can be conducted within seconds—a quick, easy, cost-effective alternative to determine the efficiency of the olive pomace oil removal process.<h3>3. Shimadzu: Analysis of Pharmaceutical Raw Materials Compliant with ICH Q3D Guideline Using ICP-MS with Collision Mode</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00925_en_c760bf6c08.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>User Benefits</h4><ul><li>The 24 elements identified in the ICH Q3D guideline can be measured with high sensitivity.</li><li>Pharmaceutical raw materials that are dissolved in ethanol can be easily analyzed using the Shimadzu ICP-MS organic solvent system.</li></ul>The presence of impurities in pharmaceutical ingredients is a concern within the medical pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, the International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirementsfor Registration for Pharmaceuticalsfor Human Use requires the management of metallic impurities in pharmaceuticals through guidelines using ICP-MS (ICH Q3D) 1), 2) . This standard specifies the Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE) for 24 elements of toxicological concern in oral preparations, injectables, and inhalants.&nbsp;In the case of oral preparations, only the seven elements of Classes 1 and 2A are considered, except in instances where elements are intentionally added, such as when used as catalysts during synthesis. However, the sources of elemental impurities are diverse and include not only components such as active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients but also manufacturing equipment and utensils.&nbsp;ICP-MS has the advantage of being able to analyze various trace elements simultaneously. It is often used for the analysis of elemental impuritiesin pharmaceuticals. The analyte for ICP-MS is usually a liquid sample, so solid samples require pretreatment.&nbsp;In this Application News, we measured three types of pharmaceutical raw materials and analyzed the impurities using the Shimadzu ICP-MS organic solvent system. Furthermore, the accuracy, precision, detection limits and specificity of 24 target elements are presented according to USP3), 4) and EP, assuming measurements below the Control Threshold of 30 % of the PDE.<h4>Instrument Configurations and Analysis Conditions&nbsp;</h4>Table 2 shows the instrument configuration for ICP-MS (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=ICPMS-2040">ICPMS-2040</a>). The organic solvent system was used to introduce the ethanol. By using the platinum sampling cone, damage from long-term exposure to organic solvents during analysis can be reduced. To reduce the labor required for sample preparation, the internal standards were added using the Online Internal Standard Kit. The analysis conditions are shown in Table 3.<h4>Accuracy and Precision Validation Results&nbsp;</h4>Measurements were carried out for n = 3 spiked samples with the target concentration of 50 % and 150 %, and n = 6 spiked samples with the target concentration and the blank (unspiked) sample. Spike recovery was calculated by averaging the quantitative values of all samples. Tables 6 to 8 show the measurement results.&nbsp;Accuracy: Spike recovery of the samples at each of the target concentrations of 50 %, 100 %, and 150 % was in the range of 94 % to 111 %, thereby satisfying the acceptance criterion. Precision (Repeatability): RSD of the spiked samples with the target concentration ranged from 0.27 % to 3.79 %, satisfying the acceptance criterion.&nbsp;Limit of quantitation: As accuracy for 50 % of the target concentration satisfied the acceptance criterion, the limit of quantitation could be confirmed.&nbsp;<h4>Specificity&nbsp;</h4>ICP-MS analysis often requires evaluation for potential interference by isotypes, polyatomic ions originating from Ar, oxides of coexistent elements and chloride ions. Here, the Cd was assessed. MoO, originating from the Class 3 element Mo, causes interference with Cd. A 1350 μg/L Mo solution (concentration equivalent to 1.5J) was analyzed, and the amount of interference with Cd was measured. Here, in addition to using collision gas, interelement correction was also performed. Table 5 shows the results.&nbsp;When the collision gas was used without interelement correction, interference by MoO was reduced but not eliminated. However, the quantitative value was below the lower limit of detection when the collision gas was used in combination with interelement correction. This result confirmed that the use of interelement correction, together with a collision gas, enables the appropriate correction of interference that could not be eliminated by the collision gas alone.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>In this Application News, we measured three types of pharmaceutical raw materials and analyzed 24 elements indicated in the ICH Q3D guideline using the Shimadzu ICP-MS organic solvent system. In accordance with the pharmacopeias (USP, EP), the accuracy, precision, quantification limit, and specificity were confirmed. The results of the validation demonstrated that the performance meets the acceptance criteria with a sufficient margin. Based on the above, it was determined that the Shimadzu ICPMS-2040 is an effective analytical method for the 24-element analysis of pharmaceutical raw materials that can be dissolved in ethanol.

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