This study examines the combustion behavior of B4C/Bi2O3 pyrotechnic delay compositions as sustainable alternatives to conventional materials. Thermodynamic modeling and experimental testing were used to evaluate the influence of compaction pressure, particle size, and granule size on burning performance.Results showed that increased compaction reduced burning rates by lowering porosity and shifting combustion from convective to conductive mechanisms. Residue and gas analyses supported a multistage reaction pathway, demonstrating the potential of B4C/Bi2O3 formulations for environmentally improved pyrotechnic applications.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964">Sustainable Pyrotechnics: Combustion Behavior of B4C/Bi2O3 for Delay Compositions</a></h4>Danillo F. Vianna Cantini, Vojtěch Pelikán*, Eva Schmidová, Jiří PachmanACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.<div>Pyrotechnic delay compositions are formulations designed to create a specific delay time, determined primarily by their burning rate. These compositions are essential in timing energetic events and are used extensively in both civilian and military applications. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> This broad usage leads to diverse motivations for studying such materials. In civilian contexts, such as mining, the focus is typically on safety and cost-effectiveness. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2)</a> For military purposes, reliability and precision are key factors, often with stringent performance requirements. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a>Pyrotechnic delay compositions are classified based on their combustion behavior into gassy or gasless types. In confined, sealed and obturated environments, gasless compositions are favored, to avoid gas buildup. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,4)</a> However, in unconfined or vented systems, gassy compositions are not problematic. For example, in fireworks, where combustion gases freely dissipate, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> or in vented housings like hand grenades or signaling devices, gassy delays are acceptable. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6)</a>In gassy compositions, the burning rate is influenced by the loading (or consolidation) pressure. Hot gases generated by the chemical reaction penetrate gas channels (voids) in the material, igniting unreacted material through a process known as convective heating. As loading pressure increases, these voids are gradually reduced, which diminishes convection and subsequently lowers the burning rate. In contrast, for gasless compositions, burning is driven by conductive heating, where heat is transferred through direct particle-to-particle contact, leading to the opposite effect. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7−9)</a>Historically, up until World War II, black powder served as the foundation for most delay elements. Nowadays, it continues to be utilized for this function and others, but on smaller scales. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> Some more recent and traditional formulations for pyrotechnic compositions include fuels like silicon, boron, tungsten, zinc, iron, zirconium, and manganese. Examples of these are Si/Pb3O4, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8,10)</a> B/BaCrO4 <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a>, W/BaCrO4/KClO4, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6,11)</a> Zn/PbO2, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(12)</a> Fe/BaO2, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(13)</a> Zr/KClO4, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a> and Mn/PbCrO4/BaCrO4. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(14)</a>Currently, researchers are actively developing several new formulations for pyrotechnic delays. One of the main motivations for this is the need to transform these compositions into “greener” ones. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,2)</a> This means that compositions that could cause problems for the environment or human health should be avoided. To achieve this sustainability, the identification and replacement of known or potentially harmful, toxic, and carcinogenic compounds is vital. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10)</a> Heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, toxic gases, volatile organic compounds and known causers of human health problems are examples of such substances to be removed. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,5,15)</a>Specifically, there are several attempts to replace lead, barium, chromates, and perchlorates. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15)</a> The reason is that most of the established delay formulations used today contain these substances. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,5)</a> Lead, barium and chromium (contained in chromates) are heavy metals and are known to cause serious health problems in human, specially to nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,16)</a> Perchlorates are well-documented substances and are used in various pyrotechnic applications. However, they are widely recognized as contributors to thyroid issues. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a>From the above, it is clear that modern strategies in pyrotechnics are increasingly focused on developing new materials that prioritize both efficiency and sustainability. This shift imposes numerous restrictions, meaning that formulations must be designed with precise planning and thorough investigation to meet both performance and environmental standards.Boron could be considered the ideal fuel for pyrotechnic reactions due to its high energy content. However, it presents combustion issues for its limited reactivity due to boron oxide layer and boron agglomerates formation upon heating. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17)</a> The boron oxide layer acts as a barrier, hindering oxygen (O) diffusion and consequently limiting the oxidation of boron. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18)</a>Boron carbide (B4C) is a natural candidate for combustion processes due to its lower ignition point, which is attributed to its higher reactivity. This reactivity stems from the diffusion of carbon (C) particles, which oxidize into gaseous products. These gaseous products create diffusion channels that penetrate the boron oxide layer, breaking down the layer and agglomerates, thereby further improving the reaction. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18,19)</a> B4C presents better combustion properties, with better burning stability and reliable self-propagation, resulting in better combustion efficiency. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17)</a>Bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3) is an attractive oxidizer for pyrotechnic delay compositions due to several advantageous properties. Its high oxygen content and efficient oxygen release facilitate sustained combustion, while its favorable thermal properties, including a relatively low melting and decomposition temperature, ensure that oxygen is available at precisely the right moment to support a controlled reaction. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20)</a> Additionally, Bi2O3 high density allows for compact formulations, promoting consistent and reliable burn rates. Also, it has a low heat of formation (approximately −582 kJ/mol), which is crucial to minimize the energy required to initiate its decomposition. This enhances the overall reaction efficiency, allowing Bi2O3 to rapidly release oxygen without consuming excessive energy, thus ensuring sustainable and stable combustion. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a>In addition to their technical advantages, Bi2O3 and B4C offer a significant environmental benefit: they are considered more eco-friendly compared to other materials commonly used in pyrotechnic compositions. Bi2O3 serves as a less toxic alternative to traditional oxidizers like lead-based compounds, reducing the risk of environmental contamination and exposure to harmful heavy metals. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,8,16)</a> Similarly, B4C contributes to cleaner combustion, producing fewer pollutants and minimizing the environmental impact. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a> This makes both materials not only effective but also greener choices for sustainable pyrotechnic applications.<h4>2. Experimental Section</h4><h5>2.8. Material Characterization</h5>Particle and granule size distribution were measured with a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 (Malvern Panalytical). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was carried out with a TESCAN MIRA (TESCAN) to examine morphology and confirm particle size. A 40 cm3 combustion chamber was used to analyze pressure profile, quantify solid residues, and collect combustion gases for further analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2392">Nicolet iS50 FT-IR</a> (Thermo Scientific) and standardized nitrogen (N2) background to identify gas-phase products. Thermal stability and water content assessments were conducted using TGA (NETZSCH TG 209 F3 Tarsus) and DSC (NETZSCH DSC 200 F3 Maia). Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was performed using a Bruker Quantax 200 (Bruker) for semiquantitative chemical composition analysis of the combustion residues. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed using a Rigaku MiniFlex diffractometer for complementary phase identification, while surface chemical states were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using a Scienta Omicron ESCA2SR system.<h4>3. Results and Discussion</h4><h5>3.7. FTIR Analysis of Combustion Gases</h5><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig10">Figure 10</a> compares the FTIR spectra of combustion chamber gases from stoichiometric (blue) and fuel-rich (red) tests, highlighting CO and CO2 as the main species, consistent with Horiuchi. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18)</a> Normalizing their absorbance to concentration using standard references yielded CO2/CO ratios of 0.67 (stoichiometric) and 0.34 (fuel-rich). However, a quantitative analysis is approximate and inherently imprecise, as potential contamination during gas collection and measurement could affect the results, given the challenge of maintaining a completely controlled internal atmosphere. A small fraction of hydrocarbon species (e.g., CH4, C2H4, and C2H2) was also identified in both samples.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_10_Comparative_FTIR_spectra_of_combustion_gas_compositions_in_a_combustion_chamber_ac7b7daf84.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 10. Comparative FTIR spectra of combustion gas compositions in a combustion chamber." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_10_Comparative_FTIR_spectra_of_combustion_gas_compositions_in_a_combustion_chamber_ac7b7daf84.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1956" height="989">While experimental results indicate a higher CO2 presence than predicted, the overall trend aligns with expectations─higher fuel content shifts combustion products toward less oxidized species. Notably, the identified gaseous products are relatively simple and exhibit low toxicity compared to halogenated or metal-containing species commonly found in traditional pyrotechnic formulations, supporting the potential of this system as a more environmentally friendly alternative.Since the reaction involves both condensed-phase reactants and products, characterizing the solid residues is essential to evaluate the extent of reaction and gain insight into the actual progression of the reaction pathway. For this, SEM imaging and EDS analysis were employed to investigate the morphology and elemental composition of the combustion residues.<h5>3.8. SEM and EDS of Burning Residues</h5><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a> presents the SEM analysis of solid residues from the combustion of B4. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964/suppl_file/ao5c10964_si_001.pdf">Figure S5</a> exhibits images of the other samples. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a>a shows the top view of the burned delay element, revealing the distribution of residues across the surface, while <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a>b provides a magnified view of a region rich in bright spherical structures. These spheres are likely bismuth that transitioned through a liquid or gaseous phase during the reaction and solidified upon cooling. This phenomenon of spherical formation due to phase transition is well-documented in the literature. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(33)</a><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_11_SEM_analysis_of_B4_after_burning_8fc7a8f520.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 11. SEM analysis of B4 after burning: (a) top view (50 ×) of the burned delay element showing the distribution of solid residues across the surface; (b) magnified view (1 k×) of a region rich in bright spherical structures." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_11_SEM_analysis_of_B4_after_burning_8fc7a8f520.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2092" height="831"><h5>3.10. Surface Chemistry of Combustion Residues (XPS)</h5>Survey spectrum scans identified the main photoelectron lines corresponding to carbon, oxygen, boron, and bismuth. High-resolution scans for the O 1s, C 1s, B 1s, and Bi 4f regions of B4 are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig19">Figure 19</a>, allowing detailed peak deconvolution and chemical assignment.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_19_XPS_high_resolution_spectra_of_O_1s_C_1s_B_1s_and_Bi_4f_regions_for_B4_5c6064d013.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 19. XPS high-resolution spectra of O 1s, C 1s, B 1s, and Bi 4f regions for B4." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_19_XPS_high_resolution_spectra_of_O_1s_C_1s_B_1s_and_Bi_4f_regions_for_B4_5c6064d013.jpg 214w," sizes="100vw" width="2049" height="1498">The analysis confirmed B2O3 as a major surface product and indicated the presence of unreacted B4C in the B4 sample through B–C bonds. sp2 carbon was also detected in B4, suggesting possible graphite formation, as predicted in thermodynamic calculations. A2 showed more Bi3+ than B4, supporting that the stoichiometric composition had more residual Bi2O3, while the fuel-rich B4 sample promoted greater reduction to Bi0. The presence of Bi3+ on the surface observed may result from postcombustion reoxidation of Bi0. These results reinforce the proposed reaction pathway and the role of fuel excess in enhancing reaction completeness. In this analysis, the B 1s spectrum further confirms the absence of BN by the lack of B–N peaks, consistent with the EDS results, which also revealed no detectable nitrogen signal.All experimental findings contribute to the fundamental understanding of boron carbide and bismuth oxide reactions under both basic and applied conditions, particularly in delay compositions. These results provide new insights into the reaction pathway and the underlying combustion mechanism.<h4>4. Conclusions</h4>Stoichiometric formulations of B4C/Bi2O3, which ignited when not pressed, failed to burn after being lightly compacted; a fuel-rich composition is necessary to ensure combustion. The fuel-rich compositions ignited readily and maintained combustion without quenching. Water facilitated the granulation process and improved the final composition. With increasing loading pressure, burning rates decrease due to reduced convective heat transfer, leading the combustion process to transition toward a conductive regime. Particle size also impacted combustion, particularly with larger Bi2O3 particles, which influenced the combustion profile up to a certain threshold. Additionally, the granule size of the final composition was found to alter the burning behavior, with larger granules promoting faster combustion at lower pressures.Thermodynamic calculations provided an initial insight into the reaction process. The findings show that the reaction progresses through distinct stages: starting in a solid–solid preignition phase, transitioning to a solid–liquid phase as components melt, and culminating in a gas phase marked by significant product volatilization, illustrating a complete combustion evolution.FTIR analysis confirmed that the main gaseous products are CO and CO2, indicating reduced environmental toxicity. Elemental and phase analyses confirmed that the reaction followed the expected pathway, with Bi and B2O3 as the predominant products. No Bi2O3 was detected by XRD, indicating that the oxidizer was fully consumed in the bulk. Morphological analysis of the products suggests that, upon cooling, bismuth solidifies into small metallic spheres, while surface analysis indicates that B2O3 remains predominantly in the outer layer. Altogether, the results are consistent and complementary, reinforcing the reliability and scientific rigor of the study.All these observations accentuate the necessity of conducting experiments under application-specific conditions. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the combustion dynamics of low toxicity B4C/Bi2O3 mixtures but also underscore their potential for practical applications requiring precise delay times and environmental sustainability. The successful use of water as a green solvent further highlights the viability of developing sustainable pyrotechnic compositions. This research advances the field by providing valuable insights into optimizing performance while minimizing environmental impact through careful material selection and process control.</div>

Sustainable Pyrotechnics: Combustion Behavior of B4C/Bi2O3 for Delay Compositions

In the week from May 11, the following webinars await you in the field of atomic and molecular spectroscopy and spectrometry<blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinars">👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</a></h4>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database with over 5 500 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars.</blockquote><h5>1. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Uncovering Microplastics: Identification, Quantification, and Exposure Assessment</h5><ul><li>Tu, 12.5.2026 08:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6136">Registration</a></li></ul>In this webinar, we will explore complementary analytical solutions for comprehensive microplastics characterization.<h5>2. SPECTRO Analytical Instruments: Elemental Analysis of Superalloys: Ensuring Performance in Extreme Applications</h5><ul><li>Tu, 12.5.2026 10:30 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6170">Registration</a></li></ul>Learn how accurate elemental analysis ensures superalloy performance, with OES and XRF solutions for reliable quality control from lab to field.<h5>3. Agilent Technologies: What have you been smoking? Elemental Analysis in Cannabis and Cannabis Products with ICP-MS</h5><ul><li>Tu, 12.5.2026 20:30 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6063">Registration</a></li></ul>Learn how automated calibration and dilution streamline ICP-MS food testing workflows, improving accuracy, traceability, and productivity while addressing rare-earth doubly charged interferences.<h5>4. AZoM: Faster REE Exploration Decisions with XRF Technology Explained</h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 16:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6195">Registration</a></li></ul>Join the webinar to see how handheld XRF provides a significant advantage in today's fast-paced REE landscape.<h5>5. Bruker: Advancing Industrial Metrology Automation with Bruker's Dimension AFMs</h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 17:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6172">Registration</a></li></ul>This webinar will explore how Dimension AFM platforms support increasing levels of automation, from scripted measurements to data-driven control.<h5>6. Anton Paar: Polymer Rheology: Impact of Humidity on Material Behavior</h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 18:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/5801">Registration</a></li></ul>Discover how humidity impacts polymers and soft materials. Learn how moisture alters rheology, tackiness, curing, and flowability through real case studies across films, adhesives, foods, and powders.<h5>7. LECO: TOC Determination in Soil and Waste</h5><ul><li>Th, 14.5.2026 14:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6038">Registration</a></li></ul>Join this webinar to explore modern methods for TOC determination in soils and waste. Learn how standardized approaches, instrumentation, and method selection influence data quality and regulatory compliance.

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Routine chemical analysis typically involves several steps, e.g. selection of procedure, sampling, sample preparation, measurement, result calculation, uncertainty estimation, and reporting to customer. Based on the result, important decisions and actions are taken. The steps before and after the measurement are often referred to as “pre- and post-analytical”. There are many sources of uncertainty associated with this work, some of which can actually limit the overall quality.&nbsp;Proficiency testing (PT) and external quality assessment (EQA) schemes are effective means of assessing the quality of routine analyses. However, if there are specific procedures, either before or after the measurement, which are applied to the routine samples, but not to the PT test sample, the result reflects only the quality of part of the measurement process. Pre- and post-analytical PT/ EQA schemes are already widely used in laboratory medicine. The standard ISO 15189, that underpins accreditation of medical laboratories, stresses that EQA schemes should “... have the effect of checking the entire process including pre- and post-examination procedures ...”&nbsp;The examples in this leaflet illustrate the potential and importance of pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA. They are intended as an inspiration for the providers to further develop their external quality control activities.<h4>Pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA – a means for harmonisation&nbsp;</h4>By illustrating, e.g. lack of adherence to guidelines, or variation in sample preparation, or inconsistency in interpretation, pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA schemes pinpoint problems not apparent in other schemes. This may lead to improved harmonisation and changes to guidelines and standards.<h4>Example 1: Interpreting clinical chemistry information&nbsp;</h4>Patient background information together with analytical results can be used to check agreement of interpretational advice given by medical doctors. This type of scheme can, therefore, include both pre- and post-analytical aspects. The provider, e.g. through an expert group, ranks the quality of participants’ response and suggestions, and presents them in the report with comments.<h4>Example 2: Sampling requests in microbiology&nbsp;</h4>Using the scenario of food poisoning, pre- &amp; post-analytical aspects of sampling requests in a microbiology scheme can be highlighted. The provider gives information about food type, symptoms, and incubation time with a simulated sample. Participants choose which organism(s) to test for. The associated laboratory work involves examination of samples, report on method(s) of choice and results. Participants could, e.g. be asked to specify which toxins or pathogens are likely to cause the food poisoning and state whether or not they will disseminate information, e.g. to hospitals or food suppliers. The feedback report would then show the results of each participant together with the comments of the provider.&nbsp;<h4>Example 3: Toy testing&nbsp;</h4>Faulty design, usage and chance play a role in injury and death incidents related to children’s toys. Toy safety is the practice of ensuring that toys are safe, usually through the application of set safety standards. The PT provider sources a toy, performs visual assessment of its homogeneity, and distributes the samples. Participants are requested to assess the toy against the European standard EN 71 and they have to decide which clauses of the standard apply. The clauses chosen define the test(s) to be carried out. The feedback report will contain a “model answer” including clauses, tests and labeling requirements (when applicable).&nbsp;<h4>Example 4: Monitoring drinking water quality&nbsp;</h4>A post-analytical application can be underpinned by legislation and national regulations (Directive 98/83/EC). Participants receive a synthetic drinking water sample with properties close to one or more limiting values. They are requested to deliver results, uncertainties and a “pass/fail” recommendation to the customer. The recommendations of the provider are listed in the feedback report for educational purposes. Information can be fed back also to regulators to serve, e.g. as basis for further discussions.&nbsp;<blockquote><h5>More information / further reading&nbsp;</h5>Information about PT providers and schemes can be obtained from your national accreditation body, from the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.eptis.org/">EPTIS website</a> or from other national or international organisations.</blockquote>

Pre- and post-analytical proficiency testing

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Eurachem is a European network promoting international traceability of chemical measurements and good analytical practice. It provides expert guidance, supports method validation, uncertainty evaluation, proficiency testing, and facilitates discussion on technical and policy issues in analytical quality.

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The electrochemical processes that take place in batteries, whether under load or at rest, give rise to heat exchange with the surroundings. These processes include redox reactions at the anode and cathode, the shuttling of lithium ions between electrodes, and the various parasitic side reactions that are responsible for limiting the lifetime of a battery.
Screening new cell chemistries using traditional electrochemical methods is a time-prohibitive process that significantly slows the pace of research. These methods involve cycling the cell until signs of degradation or sufficient capacity fade are evident, and typically take months to complete. In-operando isothermal microcalorimetry is an established but underutilized technique for measuring the activity of parasitic, or non-reversible reactions during charge cycling to provide insights for accelerating battery research. 
This webinar will give an overview of In-operando isothermal microcalorimetry and the integrated Battery Cycler Microcalorimeter Solution, an essential tool for increasing the pace of research and illuminating new insights of battery chemistry.
<blockquote>
Presenter: Jeremy May Ph.D. (Battery Specialist – Global Applications Support, TA Instruments – Waters LLC)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Jeremy is a senior applications scientist at TA Instruments, based in New Castle, Delaware. He specializes in battery material analysis and in-operando electrochemical calorimetry, supporting all battery and green energy related applications. He has 7 years of experience in electrochemistry, working in areas ranging from electroanalytical to hydrogen fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries. Jeremy earned his bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Pacific Lutheran University and his Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Idaho.
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Presenter: Viviana C.P. da Costa Ph.D. (Application Scientist - Regional Applications Support, TA Instruments – Waters LLC)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Viviana C.P. da Costa joined TA instruments in 2023 as an Applications Scientist, based in Lindon, Utah. She supports the microcalorimetry product line and related applications. She earned her master’s degree in chemical engineering from the University of Coimbra, Portugal and her Ph.D. in Chemistry from Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas.
</blockquote>

Wiley: Accelerating Battery Research and Development with In-operando Isothermal Microcalorimetry

Accelerating Battery Research and Development with In-operando Isothermal Microcalorimetry

This webinar will give an overview of In-operando isothermal microcalorimetry and the integrated Battery Cycler Microcalorimeter Solution.

Battery Research with In-operando IMC

Event Program:
<ul>
<li>Which thermal characteristics are studied in pharmaceutical industries?</li>
<li>Introduction to thermal analysis techniques</li>
<li>DSC applications – melting, purity, polymorphism, compatibility</li>
<li>Thermo-optical applications – polymorphism and crystal growth</li>
<li>TGA applications – weight loss on drying, shelf life, solvent content, hydration</li>
<li>TMA applications – swelling of film coatings</li>
<li>DMA applications – glass transition of surgical thread</li>
<li>21 CFR Part 11 Compliance</li>
</ul>
Thermal Analysis is a useful tool for investigating pharmaceutical substances for effects such as polymorphism, purity and composition, phase shifts, and stability. The four main techniques of DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA are ideal for carrying out these investigations over a wide temperature range, from -150 to 1600 °C.
Important Effects and Properties Measured by Thermal Analysis
<ul>
<li>DSC: The most important effects that can be analyzed are the melting point, melting range and melting behavior. This technique is also used to determine the heat of fusion, purity, polymorphism, the glass transition, and oxidation stability.</li>
<li>TOA: Thermo-optical analysis is an auxiliary technique that uses visual observation to study melting behavior and polymorphism.</li>
<li>TGA: The main applications are investigating evaporation, desorption and vaporization behavior, thermal stability, decomposition kinetics, and composition.</li>
<li>TMA: Normally used to study the expansion or shrinkage of materials and the glass transition.</li>
<li>DMA: The most sensitive method for characterizing the glass transition of materials.</li>
</ul>
Join the live webinar to discover more and get the opportunity to ask our experts your questions!
Second session: 25. 4. 2024 16:00 CEST
<blockquote>
Presenter: Angela Hammer (Dr. sc. nat. ETH)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Dr. Angela Hammer received a Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry (development of immobilized components for the use in ion-selective electrodes based on polyurethane membranes) from the Institute of Organic Chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland. She then joined Sika Technology AG in Zurich, Switzerland, as an analytical chemist. In 2007, she joined METTLER TOLEDO and has worked there since as an application specialist for Thermal Analysis. In her present position, she uses, teaches, and supports DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA instruments for the METTLER TOLEDO’s Materials Characterization Group located at the head office in Switzerland.
</blockquote>

Mettler-Toledo: Thermal Analysis of Pharmaceuticals

Thermal Analysis of Pharmaceuticals

Discover Key Techniques for Studying Pharmaceutical Substances.

Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which a substance loses electrons, either by the addition of oxygen or by the removal of hydrogen. The oxidation of materials can lead to failure in their particular use or application. For example, polymers become brittle, edible oils become rancid, mineral oils undergo polymerization, and petrochemical products exhibit a change in viscosity.
<ul>
<li>Introduction to oxidation induction time (OIT) and thermal analysis</li>
<li>Principles of OIT and oxidation onset temperature (OOT)</li>
<li>Comparison of OIT and OOT</li>
<li>Different DSC techniques for studying OIT and OOT</li>
<li>Industries where OIT and OOT investigations are used</li>
<li>Application examples</li>
</ul>
<h4>OIT Measurements</h4>
The OIT test is a standardized isothermal measurement performed with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) to measure the resistance of a material to oxidation. The sample is heated in the presence of air or oxygen and the time it takes for the material to oxidize is measured. The test is typically used to evaluate the oxidative stability of oils, polymers, and foods, as well as to assess the effectiveness of antioxidants in preventing oxidation. These tests are frequently employed for process development and quality control.
Join the webinar to explore the potential applications of the OIT technique, and get the chance to ask our experts your questions!
<blockquote>
Presenter: Angela Hammer, Dr. sc. nat. ETH**
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Dr. Angela Hammer received a Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry (development of immobilized components for the use in ion-selective electrodes based on polyurethane membranes) from the Institute of Organic Chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland. She then joined Sika Technology AG in Zurich, Switzerland, as an analytical chemist. In 2007, she joined METTLER TOLEDO and has worked there since as an application specialist for Thermal Analysis. In her present position, she uses, teaches, and supports DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA instruments for the METTLER TOLEDO’s Materials Characterization Group located at the head office in Switzerland.
</blockquote>

METTLER TOLEDO: Determining Oxidation Induction Time by DSC

Determining Oxidation Induction Time by DSC

How Differential Scanning Calorimetry Is Used to Investigate Oxidation Induction Time of Oils, Polymers, and Foods

<ul>
<li>Working principle and component parts of a lithium-ion battery</li>
<li>Thermal analysis techniques used in battery investigations</li>
<li>DSC examples: cathode, separator, binder, electrolyte</li>
<li>TGA examples: cathode, anode, separator, binder</li>
<li>TMA and DMA examples: separator membranes</li>
<li>Choosing the best thermal analysis technique for your application</li>
</ul>
The increasing market of consumer electronics, smartphones, and electric vehicles is pushing battery research forwards to provide safer, lower-cost, and lightweight/high-capacity solutions. For example, investigating the safety risks associated with thermal runaway is particularly important for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles.
<h3>Thermal Analysis Techniques for Battery Analysis</h3>
Thermal analysis techniques play a vital role in the successful research and development of advanced battery technology. They are also ideal for carrying out routine quality control checks on finished products. The four main techniques of DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA are particularly effective for investigating temperature-dependent effects such as glass transition, crystallization, melting behavior, purity, visco-elastic behavior, expansion, shrinkage, and decomposition. Evolved gas analysis combined with TGA can also provide important information regarding the products of decomposition.
Join the live webinar to discover more, where you will also get the opportunity to ask our experts your questions!
<blockquote>
Presenter: Angela Hammer (Dr. sc. nat. ETH)
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Dr. Angela Hammer received a Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry (development of immobilized components for the use in ion-selective electrodes based on polyurethane membranes) from the Institute of Organic Chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland. She then joined Sika Technology AG in Zurich, Switzerland, as an analytical chemist. In 2007, she joined METTLER TOLEDO and has worked there since as an application specialist for Thermal Analysis. In her present position, she uses, teaches, and supports DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA instruments for the METTLER TOLEDO’s Materials Characterization Group located at the head office in Switzerland.
</blockquote>

METTLER TOLEDO: Thermal Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Thermal Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Key Techniques for Studying Anode, Cathode, Separator, Binder, and Electrolyte Materials

<ul>
<li>Introduction to organic chemistry</li>
<li>Different thermal analysis techniques used to study organic compounds</li>
<li>DSC applications: melting, purity, phase diagrams, and reaction kinetics</li>
<li>Flash DSC applications: melting and decomposition</li>
<li>Thermo-optical analysis (TOA): phase transitions, isothermal crystallization, and polymorphism</li>
<li>TGA, TGA/DSC, and TGA-EGA applications: thermal stability, hygroscopicity, and impurities</li>
</ul>
Small and medium-size organic molecules of natural or synthetic origin are often used as raw materials, additives, active ingredients, or processing aids in many industries. Because many of their properties are temperature dependent, thermal analysis techniques are an excellent tool for the successful characterization of these compounds.
<h5>Important Types of Analysis for Organic Chemistry</h5>
The field of organic chemistry covers the synthesis, isolation, purification, and reactions of organic materials. During synthesis and work-up processes, it is important to ensure that the desired compounds have been produced and to verify their respective concentrations. At this stage, the focus is mainly on reaction kinetics and safety investigations. When the final product has been isolated, properties such as purity, stability, polymorphism, melting, and reactivity are important. Many of the analytical methods used in these investigations rely on thermal analysis techniques such as DSC, Flash DSC, TGA, evolved gas analysis, and thermo-optical analysis.
Join the live webinar to discover more! The presentation will conclude with a Q&amp;A, where participants can ask our experts their questions.
<blockquote>
Presenter: Dr. Andreas Bach
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Andreas was awarded a PhD in Chemistry from the University of Bern in Switzerland and completed a postdoc at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Chemistry, USA. In 2002, he accepted a position as a senior scientist and lecturer in physical organic chemistry in the Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences at ETH Zurich. In 2018, he joined METTLER TOLEDO as an application specialist for Thermal Analysis. In his current position, he expertly uses, teaches and supports DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA instruments at the METTLER TOLEDO head office in Switzerland.
</blockquote>

METTLER TOLEDO: Thermal Analysis of Organic Compounds

Thermal Analysis of Organic Compounds

Discover Key Techniques for Characterizing and Understanding Organic Materials

<ul>
<li>Overview of conventional DSC technology and molecular reorganization</li>
<li>Introduction to the Flash DSC and the novel chip sensor</li>
<li>Metastable materials</li>
<li>Flash DSC basic principles</li>
<li>Flash DSC application examples</li>
</ul>
In many technical processes, material behaviors depend on the applied heating or cooling rates. For example, when investigating crystallization behavior that occurs during the injection molding process, it is essential to replicate the heating rates experienced during the actual process. To perform such experiments, extremely high heating and cooling rates are required, which cannot be achieved using conventional DSC instruments. As a result, fast-scanning calorimetry was developed.
<h5>Fast-Scanning Calorimetry Using Flash DSC Technology</h5>
The Flash DSC uses innovative technology to perform fast-scanning calorimetry with ultra-high heating and cooling rates of up to 3,000,000 K per second, in the temperature range of -95 to +1000 °C. This allows measurements to be performed that are not possible using conventional DSC, often revealing hidden properties of a material. It is ideal for investigating rapid crystallization and reorganization behaviors.
Find out more about this fascinating technology in our live webinar. The presentation will conclude with a Q&amp;A, so don’t miss your chance to ask questions!
<blockquote>
Presenter: Nicolas Fedelich
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
With a background in chemical engineering, Nicolas joined METTLER TOLEDO in 2009 as an application specialist for Thermal Analysis. Before that, he gained expertise in different laboratories implementing, developing, and validating analytical methods in both the pharmaceutical and environmental fields. Nicolas also worked for three years in the field carrying out on-site customer training and providing expert thermal analysis application support. In his present position, Nicolas expertly uses, teaches, and supports DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA instruments at the METTLER TOLEDO head office in Switzerland.
</blockquote>

METTLER TOLEDO: The Exciting World of Flash DSC 

The Exciting World of Flash DSC

Advanced Material Characterization by Fast-Scanning Calorimetry

<ul>
<li>Introduction to inorganic chemistry</li>
<li>Relevant thermal analysis techniques</li>
<li>DSC examples: glass transitions, phase diagrams, and decomposition</li>
<li>Thermo-optical analysis (TOA) examples: polymorphic transitions</li>
<li>TGA and TGA/DSC examples: decomposition, melting, and evolved gas analysis</li>
<li>TMA examples: expansion, solid-solid transitions, and temperature stability</li>
<li>DMA examples: elasticity</li>
</ul>
Inorganic materials, such as metals, ceramics, salts, and minerals, are encountered almost everywhere in our daily life and are used for a multitude of purposes. In particular, many inorganic materials are known for their exceptional heat resistance, making them invaluable in high-temperature applications.
<h4>Important Types of Analysis for Inorganic Materials</h4>
Inorganic materials often exhibit complex thermal behaviors that can be challenging to study. Luckily, thermal analysis provides us with powerful investigative tools. By utilizing techniques such as DSC, thermo-optical analysis, TGA, TMA, and DMA, we can measure behaviors including melting point, phase transitions, and thermal stability. Evolved gas analysis combined with TGA can also provide important information about the products of decomposition.
Join our live webinar and discover how thermal analysis helps to shape our understanding of these fascinating materials. The presentation will conclude with a Q&amp;A, so don’t miss the chance to ask our experts your questions!
<blockquote>
Presenter: Dr. Teresa Dennenwaldt
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Dr. Teresa Dennenwaldt obtained her PhD in chemistry in 2013 and completed a postdoc at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland in the field of electron microscopy and spectroscopy. In 2018, she joined METTLER TOLEDO as an application specialist for Thermal Analysis. In her current position, she expertly uses, teaches, and supports DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA instruments at the METTLER TOLEDO head office in Switzerland.
</blockquote>

METTLER TOLEDO: Thermal Analysis of Inorganic Materials

Thermal Analysis of Inorganic Materials

Discover Key Techniques for Characterizing This Diverse Group of Materials

As the energy revolution sees a move away from internal combustion engines, the effort put into development of processes and materials in the production of electric vehicles is rapidly gaining traction. With market trends pointing towards a swift increase in the demand for lithium-ion batteries, as well as the high expectations around their performance and environmental credentials, analytical methodologies will be required to keep up with this dynamic space.
This webinar will demonstrate how coupling existing techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) can unlock new analytical capabilities when used as part of a hyphenation configuration.
The talk will cover the following learning objectives:
<ul>
<li>Understand the analytical challenges associated with the current market trends in energy storage</li>
<li>Gain an understanding of the benefits of hyphenated techniques </li>
<li>Learn how to understand and interpret data obtained from evolved gas analysis</li>
</ul>

PerkinElmer: Coupling Thermal Analysis with Spectroscopy & Chrom to Gain Insights into Advanced Battery Materials & Battery Recycling

Coupling Thermal Analysis with Spectroscopy & Chrom to Gain Insights into Advanced Battery Materials & Battery Recycling

Coupling TGA, FT-IR and GC/MS can be used Gain Insights into Advanced Battery Materials & Battery Recycling

Coupling Thermal Analysis with Spectroscopy & Chrom

Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is used to measure the dimensional changes, or deformation, of a sample as it is heated or cooled and subjected to a defined stress or load. It determines expansion, shrinking, and softening behavior on materials such as films, laminates, solids, and fibers. The technique is also very useful for measuring relaxation effects that are often not detected by DSC.The TMA TechniqueIn a typical TMA experiment, the sample is placed on the sample support and a constant load is applied via a measuring probe. The probe remains in contact with the sample and moves up or down as the sample expands or contracts with a change in temperature. The displacement of the probe is measured by means of a sensor. The sample set-up and applied load vary depending on the measurement mode and the information required.Thermal expansion or shrinkage, as well as the deformation or stiffness of the material, can be determined based on the set-up and measured displacement. Typical properties of interest determined by TMA are the glass transition, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and Young’s modulus.TMA is a versatile technique that can be used to study a wide range of materials, including polymers, composites, ceramics, metals, and biomaterials. It is commonly used in material research, quality control, and failure analysis applications.Join our live webinar to learn all about TMA and don’t miss the opportunity to ask our experts your questions!Event Program<ul><li>Basic principles of TMA</li><li>Important instrument components</li><li>Measurement modes (dilatometry, penetration, tension, swelling, dynamic load, bending)</li><li>Why you should use TMA for your analysis</li><li>Application examples for different industries</li></ul><blockquote>Presenter: Nicolas FedelichWith a background in chemical engineering, Nicolas joined METTLER TOLEDO in 2009 as an application specialist for Thermal Analysis. Before that, he gained expertise in different laboratories implementing, developing, and validating analytical methods in both the pharmaceutical and environmental fields. Nicolas also worked for three years in the field carrying out on-site customer training and providing expert thermal analysis application support. In his present position, Nicolas expertly uses, teaches, and supports DSC, TGA, TMA, and DMA instruments at the METTLER TOLEDO head office in Switzerland.</blockquote>

Learn Basic Principles, Measurement Modes, and Useful Applications for Your Workplace

Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)

<div>Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is an ideal tool for the characterization of all kinds of organic and inorganic solids and liquids. Thermodynamic transitions, thermal stability, decomposition and chemical reactions can be detected and quantified with high accuracy over a broad temperature range. However, this method does not provide details about the chemistry behind the processes under study.The combination of thermal analysis with infrared spectroscopy bridges this analytical gap. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is a classical tool for the identification and quantification of gases. This technique is based on the interaction of infrared radiation with the vibrating dipole moments of molecules. FT-IR yields a unique IR spectrum for each substance, except for homonuclear diatomic gases and pure metalsIn a simple case, only one type of gas molecule is evolved with an applied temperature increase in the TGA. The evolved gas is flowed into the FT-IR and can be readily identified by searching its spectrum against a gas phase reference library. In a typical decomposition process, evolved fume is a mixture of gases. Different hardware and software approaches to identify the composition of complex gas mixtures will be presented with a thorough discussion of the following topics:<ul><li>Mixture analysis using library search</li><li>TGA-IR at reduced pressure&nbsp;</li><li>Spectra manipulation method for deconvoluting complex spectra (mixtures)</li></ul>Examples of applications will include the identification of plasticizers in polymers, PVC undercoating analysis, decomposition of&nbsp;PETN explosive, NHF propellant, and others.<blockquote>Presenter: Dr. Sergey Shilov (North America Product Manager, Science Business Unit, Bruker Optics)<div>Dr. Sergey V. Shilov is a Product Manager for North America at Bruker Optics. Sergey joined Bruker in 2001. He is responsible for the support and development of new applications for the Bruker research FTIR systems. He received his Ph.D. in 1992 from the Russian Academy of Sciences in Polymer Physics and his M.S. from St. Petersburg State University (Russia) in Physics in 1986. Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation (Germany) awarded him a research fellowship in 1996. Sergey published 37 papers in peer-reviewed journals. His research interests include time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy, surface science, polymer, and life-science applications.&nbsp;</div></blockquote></div>

Bruker: To Evaluate Complex Gas Mixtures evolved during Thermal Decomposition

To Evaluate Complex Gas Mixtures evolved during Thermal Decomposition

Learn how combining TGA with FT-IR enables chemical analysis of evolved gases, including mixture analysis, spectral deconvolution, and practical applications.

ICPMS webinars focusing on Thermal Analysis - page 5