<p><strong>This study examines the combustion behavior of B4C/Bi2O3 pyrotechnic delay compositions as sustainable alternatives to conventional materials. Thermodynamic modeling and experimental testing were used to evaluate the influence of compaction pressure, particle size, and granule size on burning performance.</strong></p><p>Results showed that increased compaction reduced burning rates by lowering porosity and shifting combustion from convective to conductive mechanisms. Residue and gas analyses supported a multistage reaction pathway, demonstrating the potential of B4C/Bi2O3 formulations for environmentally improved pyrotechnic applications.</p><blockquote><h4><strong>The original article</strong></h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964"><strong>Sustainable Pyrotechnics: Combustion Behavior of B<sub>4</sub>C/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> for Delay Compositions</strong></a></h4><p>Danillo F. Vianna Cantini, Vojtěch Pelikán*, Eva Schmidová, Jiří Pachman</p><p>ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683</p><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964</a></p><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><strong>CC-BY 4.0</strong></a></h6></blockquote><p><strong>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.</strong></p><div><p>Pyrotechnic delay compositions are formulations designed to create a specific delay time, determined primarily by their burning rate. These compositions are essential in timing energetic events and are used extensively in both civilian and military applications. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> This broad usage leads to diverse motivations for studying such materials. In civilian contexts, such as mining, the focus is typically on safety and cost-effectiveness. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2)</a> For military purposes, reliability and precision are key factors, often with stringent performance requirements. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a></p><p>Pyrotechnic delay compositions are classified based on their combustion behavior into gassy or gasless types. In confined, sealed and obturated environments, gasless compositions are favored, to avoid gas buildup. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,4)</a> However, in unconfined or vented systems, gassy compositions are not problematic. For example, in fireworks, where combustion gases freely dissipate, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> or in vented housings like hand grenades or signaling devices, gassy delays are acceptable. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6)</a></p><p>In gassy compositions, the burning rate is influenced by the loading (or consolidation) pressure. Hot gases generated by the chemical reaction penetrate gas channels (voids) in the material, igniting unreacted material through a process known as convective heating. As loading pressure increases, these voids are gradually reduced, which diminishes convection and subsequently lowers the burning rate. In contrast, for gasless compositions, burning is driven by conductive heating, where heat is transferred through direct particle-to-particle contact, leading to the opposite effect. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7−9)</a></p><p>Historically, up until World War II, black powder served as the foundation for most delay elements. Nowadays, it continues to be utilized for this function and others, but on smaller scales. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> Some more recent and traditional formulations for pyrotechnic compositions include fuels like silicon, boron, tungsten, zinc, iron, zirconium, and manganese. Examples of these are Si/Pb3O<sub>4</sub>, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8,10)</a> B/BaCrO<sub>4</sub> <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a>, W/BaCrO<sub>4</sub>/KClO<sub>4</sub>, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6,11)</a> Zn/PbO<sub>2</sub>, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(12)</a> Fe/BaO<sub>2</sub>, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(13)</a> Zr/KClO<sub>4</sub>, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a> and Mn/PbCrO<sub>4</sub>/BaCrO<sub>4</sub>. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(14)</a></p><p>Currently, researchers are actively developing several new formulations for pyrotechnic delays. One of the main motivations for this is the need to transform these compositions into “greener” ones. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,2)</a> This means that compositions that could cause problems for the environment or human health should be avoided. To achieve this sustainability, the identification and replacement of known or potentially harmful, toxic, and carcinogenic compounds is vital. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10)</a> Heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, toxic gases, volatile organic compounds and known causers of human health problems are examples of such substances to be removed. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,5,15)</a></p><p>Specifically, there are several attempts to replace lead, barium, chromates, and perchlorates. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15)</a> The reason is that most of the established delay formulations used today contain these substances. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,5)</a> Lead, barium and chromium (contained in chromates) are heavy metals and are known to cause serious health problems in human, specially to nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,16)</a> Perchlorates are well-documented substances and are used in various pyrotechnic applications. However, they are widely recognized as contributors to thyroid issues. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a></p><p>From the above, it is clear that modern strategies in pyrotechnics are increasingly focused on developing new materials that prioritize both efficiency and sustainability. This shift imposes numerous restrictions, meaning that formulations must be designed with precise planning and thorough investigation to meet both performance and environmental standards.</p><p>Boron could be considered the ideal fuel for pyrotechnic reactions due to its high energy content. However, it presents combustion issues for its limited reactivity due to boron oxide layer and boron agglomerates formation upon heating. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17)</a> The boron oxide layer acts as a barrier, hindering oxygen (O) diffusion and consequently limiting the oxidation of boron. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18)</a></p><p>Boron carbide (B<sub>4</sub>C) is a natural candidate for combustion processes due to its lower ignition point, which is attributed to its higher reactivity. This reactivity stems from the diffusion of carbon (C) particles, which oxidize into gaseous products. These gaseous products create diffusion channels that penetrate the boron oxide layer, breaking down the layer and agglomerates, thereby further improving the reaction. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18,19)</a> B<sub>4</sub>C presents better combustion properties, with better burning stability and reliable self-propagation, resulting in better combustion efficiency. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17)</a></p><p>Bismuth trioxide (Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) is an attractive oxidizer for pyrotechnic delay compositions due to several advantageous properties. Its high oxygen content and efficient oxygen release facilitate sustained combustion, while its favorable thermal properties, including a relatively low melting and decomposition temperature, ensure that oxygen is available at precisely the right moment to support a controlled reaction. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20)</a> Additionally, Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> high density allows for compact formulations, promoting consistent and reliable burn rates. Also, it has a low heat of formation (approximately −582 kJ/mol), which is crucial to minimize the energy required to initiate its decomposition. This enhances the overall reaction efficiency, allowing Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to rapidly release oxygen without consuming excessive energy, thus ensuring sustainable and stable combustion. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a></p><p>In addition to their technical advantages, Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and B<sub>4</sub>C offer a significant environmental benefit: they are considered more eco-friendly compared to other materials commonly used in pyrotechnic compositions. Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> serves as a less toxic alternative to traditional oxidizers like lead-based compounds, reducing the risk of environmental contamination and exposure to harmful heavy metals. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,8,16)</a> Similarly, B<sub>4</sub>C contributes to cleaner combustion, producing fewer pollutants and minimizing the environmental impact. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a> This makes both materials not only effective but also greener choices for sustainable pyrotechnic applications.</p><h4><strong>2. Experimental Section</strong></h4><h5><strong>2.8. Material Characterization</strong></h5><p>Particle and granule size distribution were measured with a <strong>Malvern Mastersizer 3000</strong> (Malvern Panalytical). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was carried out with a <strong>TESCAN MIRA</strong> (TESCAN) to examine morphology and confirm particle size. A 40 cm<sup>3</sup> combustion chamber was used to analyze pressure profile, quantify solid residues, and collect combustion gases for further analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2392"><strong>Nicolet iS50 FT-IR</strong></a> (Thermo Scientific) and standardized nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) background to identify gas-phase products. Thermal stability and water content assessments were conducted using <strong>TGA</strong> (NETZSCH TG 209 F3 Tarsus) and <strong>DSC</strong> (NETZSCH DSC 200 F3 Maia). Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was performed using a <strong>Bruker Quantax 200</strong> (Bruker) for semiquantitative chemical composition analysis of the combustion residues. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed using a Rigaku MiniFlex diffractometer for complementary phase identification, while surface chemical states were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using a Scienta Omicron ESCA2SR system.</p><h4><strong>3. Results and Discussion</strong></h4><h5><strong>3.7. FTIR Analysis of Combustion Gases</strong></h5><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig10">Figure 10</a> compares the FTIR spectra of combustion chamber gases from stoichiometric (blue) and fuel-rich (red) tests, highlighting CO and CO<sub>2</sub> as the main species, consistent with Horiuchi. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18)</a> Normalizing their absorbance to concentration using standard references yielded CO<sub>2</sub>/CO ratios of 0.67 (stoichiometric) and 0.34 (fuel-rich). However, a quantitative analysis is approximate and inherently imprecise, as potential contamination during gas collection and measurement could affect the results, given the challenge of maintaining a completely controlled internal atmosphere. A small fraction of hydrocarbon species (e.g., CH<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>) was also identified in both samples.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_10_Comparative_FTIR_spectra_of_combustion_gas_compositions_in_a_combustion_chamber_ac7b7daf84.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 10. Comparative FTIR spectra of combustion gas compositions in a combustion chamber." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_10_Comparative_FTIR_spectra_of_combustion_gas_compositions_in_a_combustion_chamber_ac7b7daf84.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1956" height="989"></p><p>While experimental results indicate a higher CO<sub>2</sub> presence than predicted, the overall trend aligns with expectations─higher fuel content shifts combustion products toward less oxidized species. Notably, the identified gaseous products are relatively simple and exhibit low toxicity compared to halogenated or metal-containing species commonly found in traditional pyrotechnic formulations, supporting the potential of this system as a more environmentally friendly alternative.</p><p>Since the reaction involves both condensed-phase reactants and products, characterizing the solid residues is essential to evaluate the extent of reaction and gain insight into the actual progression of the reaction pathway. For this, SEM imaging and EDS analysis were employed to investigate the morphology and elemental composition of the combustion residues.</p><h5><strong>3.8. SEM and EDS of Burning Residues</strong></h5><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a> presents the SEM analysis of solid residues from the combustion of B4. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964/suppl_file/ao5c10964_si_001.pdf">Figure S5</a> exhibits images of the other samples. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a>a shows the top view of the burned delay element, revealing the distribution of residues across the surface, while <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a>b provides a magnified view of a region rich in bright spherical structures. These spheres are likely bismuth that transitioned through a liquid or gaseous phase during the reaction and solidified upon cooling. This phenomenon of spherical formation due to phase transition is well-documented in the literature. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(33)</a></p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_11_SEM_analysis_of_B4_after_burning_8fc7a8f520.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 11. SEM analysis of B4 after burning: (a) top view (50 ×) of the burned delay element showing the distribution of solid residues across the surface; (b) magnified view (1 k×) of a region rich in bright spherical structures." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_11_SEM_analysis_of_B4_after_burning_8fc7a8f520.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2092" height="831"></p><h5><strong>3.10. Surface Chemistry of Combustion Residues (XPS)</strong></h5><p>Survey spectrum scans identified the main photoelectron lines corresponding to carbon, oxygen, boron, and bismuth. High-resolution scans for the O 1s, C 1s, B 1s, and Bi 4f regions of B4 are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig19">Figure 19</a>, allowing detailed peak deconvolution and chemical assignment.</p><p><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_19_XPS_high_resolution_spectra_of_O_1s_C_1s_B_1s_and_Bi_4f_regions_for_B4_5c6064d013.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 19. XPS high-resolution spectra of O 1s, C 1s, B 1s, and Bi 4f regions for B4." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_19_XPS_high_resolution_spectra_of_O_1s_C_1s_B_1s_and_Bi_4f_regions_for_B4_5c6064d013.jpg 214w," sizes="100vw" width="2049" height="1498"></p><p>The analysis confirmed B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as a major surface product and indicated the presence of unreacted B<sub>4</sub>C in the B4 sample through B–C bonds. sp<sup>2</sup> carbon was also detected in B4, suggesting possible graphite formation, as predicted in thermodynamic calculations. A2 showed more Bi<sup>3+</sup> than B4, supporting that the stoichiometric composition had more residual Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, while the fuel-rich B4 sample promoted greater reduction to Bi<sup>0</sup>. The presence of Bi<sup>3+</sup> on the surface observed may result from postcombustion reoxidation of Bi<sup>0</sup>. These results reinforce the proposed reaction pathway and the role of fuel excess in enhancing reaction completeness. In this analysis, the B 1s spectrum further confirms the absence of BN by the lack of B–N peaks, consistent with the EDS results, which also revealed no detectable nitrogen signal.</p><p>All experimental findings contribute to the fundamental understanding of boron carbide and bismuth oxide reactions under both basic and applied conditions, particularly in delay compositions. These results provide new insights into the reaction pathway and the underlying combustion mechanism.</p><h4><strong>4. Conclusions</strong></h4><p>Stoichiometric formulations of B<sub>4</sub>C/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, which ignited when not pressed, failed to burn after being lightly compacted; a fuel-rich composition is necessary to ensure combustion. The fuel-rich compositions ignited readily and maintained combustion without quenching. Water facilitated the granulation process and improved the final composition. With increasing loading pressure, burning rates decrease due to reduced convective heat transfer, leading the combustion process to transition toward a conductive regime. Particle size also impacted combustion, particularly with larger Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particles, which influenced the combustion profile up to a certain threshold. Additionally, the granule size of the final composition was found to alter the burning behavior, with larger granules promoting faster combustion at lower pressures.</p><p>Thermodynamic calculations provided an initial insight into the reaction process. The findings show that the reaction progresses through distinct stages: starting in a solid–solid preignition phase, transitioning to a solid–liquid phase as components melt, and culminating in a gas phase marked by significant product volatilization, illustrating a complete combustion evolution.</p><p>FTIR analysis confirmed that the main gaseous products are CO and CO<sub>2</sub>, indicating reduced environmental toxicity. Elemental and phase analyses confirmed that the reaction followed the expected pathway, with Bi and B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as the predominant products. No Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was detected by XRD, indicating that the oxidizer was fully consumed in the bulk. Morphological analysis of the products suggests that, upon cooling, bismuth solidifies into small metallic spheres, while surface analysis indicates that B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> remains predominantly in the outer layer. Altogether, the results are consistent and complementary, reinforcing the reliability and scientific rigor of the study.</p><p>All these observations accentuate the necessity of conducting experiments under application-specific conditions. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the combustion dynamics of low toxicity B<sub>4</sub>C/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> mixtures but also underscore their potential for practical applications requiring precise delay times and environmental sustainability. The successful use of water as a green solvent further highlights the viability of developing sustainable pyrotechnic compositions. This research advances the field by providing valuable insights into optimizing performance while minimizing environmental impact through careful material selection and process control.</p></div>

Sustainable Pyrotechnics: Combustion Behavior of B4C/Bi2O3 for Delay Compositions

<p><strong>In the week from May 11, the following webinars await you in the field of atomic and molecular spectroscopy and spectrometry</strong></p><blockquote><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinars"><strong>👉 DETAILS AND REGISTRATION IN THE WEBINARS SECTION</strong></a></h4><p><strong>👉 Search and filter in the largest global database</strong> with over <strong>5 500 GC, LC, MS and spectroscopy webinars</strong>.</p></blockquote><h5><strong>1. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Uncovering Microplastics: Identification, Quantification, and Exposure Assessment</strong></h5><ul><li>Tu, 12.5.2026 08:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6136">Registration</a></li></ul><p>In this webinar, we will explore complementary analytical solutions for comprehensive microplastics characterization.</p><h5><strong>2. SPECTRO Analytical Instruments: Elemental Analysis of Superalloys: Ensuring Performance in Extreme Applications</strong></h5><ul><li>Tu, 12.5.2026 10:30 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6170">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Learn how accurate elemental analysis ensures superalloy performance, with OES and XRF solutions for reliable quality control from lab to field.</p><h5><strong>3. Agilent Technologies: What have you been smoking? Elemental Analysis in Cannabis and Cannabis Products with ICP-MS</strong></h5><ul><li>Tu, 12.5.2026 20:30 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6063">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Learn how automated calibration and dilution streamline ICP-MS food testing workflows, improving accuracy, traceability, and productivity while addressing rare-earth doubly charged interferences.</p><h5><strong>4. AZoM: Faster REE Exploration Decisions with XRF Technology Explained</strong></h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 16:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6195">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Join the webinar to see how handheld XRF provides a significant advantage in today's fast-paced REE landscape.</p><h5><strong>5. Bruker: Advancing Industrial Metrology Automation with Bruker's Dimension AFMs</strong></h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 17:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6172">Registration</a></li></ul><p>This webinar will explore how Dimension AFM platforms support increasing levels of automation, from scripted measurements to data-driven control.</p><h5><strong>6. Anton Paar: Polymer Rheology: Impact of Humidity on Material Behavior</strong></h5><ul><li>We, 13.5.2026 18:00 CET</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/5801">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Discover how humidity impacts polymers and soft materials. Learn how moisture alters rheology, tackiness, curing, and flowability through real case studies across films, adhesives, foods, and powders.</p><h5><strong>7. LECO: TOC Determination in Soil and Waste</strong></h5><ul><li>Th, 14.5.2026 14:00 CEST</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/webinar/6038">Registration</a></li></ul><p>Join this webinar to explore modern methods for TOC determination in soils and waste. Learn how standardized approaches, instrumentation, and method selection influence data quality and regulatory compliance.</p>

Webinars LabRulezICPMS Week 20/2026

<p><strong>Routine chemical analysis typically involves several steps, e.g. selection of procedure, sampling, sample preparation, measurement, result calculation, uncertainty estimation, and reporting to customer. Based on the result, important decisions and actions are taken. The steps before and after the measurement are often referred to as “pre- and post-analytical”. There are many sources of uncertainty associated with this work, some of which can actually limit the overall quality.&nbsp;</strong></p><p><strong>Proficiency testing (PT)</strong> and external quality assessment <strong>(EQA) schemes</strong> are effective means of assessing the quality of routine analyses. However, if there are specific procedures, either before or after the measurement, which are applied to the routine samples, but not to the PT test sample, the result reflects only the quality of part of the measurement process. Pre- and post-analytical PT/ EQA schemes are already widely used in laboratory medicine. The standard ISO 15189, that underpins accreditation of medical laboratories, stresses that EQA schemes should “... <i>have the effect of checking the entire process including pre- and post-examination procedures</i> ...”&nbsp;</p><p>The examples in this leaflet illustrate the potential and importance of pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA. They are intended as an inspiration for the providers to further develop their external quality control activities.</p><h4><strong>Pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA – a means for harmonisation&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>By illustrating, e.g. lack of adherence to guidelines, or variation in sample preparation, or inconsistency in interpretation, pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA schemes pinpoint problems not apparent in other schemes. This may lead to improved harmonisation and changes to guidelines and standards.</p><h4><strong>Example 1: Interpreting clinical chemistry information&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Patient background information together with analytical results can be used to check agreement of interpretational advice given by medical doctors. This type of scheme can, therefore, include both pre- and post-analytical aspects. The provider, e.g. through an expert group, ranks the quality of participants’ response and suggestions, and presents them in the report with comments.</p><h4><strong>Example 2: Sampling requests in microbiology&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Using the scenario of food poisoning, pre- &amp; post-analytical aspects of sampling requests in a microbiology scheme can be highlighted. The provider gives information about food type, symptoms, and incubation time with a simulated sample. Participants choose which organism(s) to test for. The associated laboratory work involves examination of samples, report on method(s) of choice and results. Participants could, e.g. be asked to specify which toxins or pathogens are likely to cause the food poisoning and state whether or not they will disseminate information, e.g. to hospitals or food suppliers. The feedback report would then show the results of each participant together with the comments of the provider.&nbsp;</p><h4><strong>Example 3: Toy testing&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>Faulty design, usage and chance play a role in injury and death incidents related to children’s toys. Toy safety is the practice of ensuring that toys are safe, usually through the application of set safety standards. The PT provider sources a toy, performs visual assessment of its homogeneity, and distributes the samples. Participants are requested to assess the toy against the European standard EN 71 and they have to decide which clauses of the standard apply. The clauses chosen define the test(s) to be carried out. The feedback report will contain a “<strong>model answer</strong>” including clauses, tests and labeling requirements (when applicable).&nbsp;</p><h4><strong>Example 4: Monitoring drinking water quality&nbsp;</strong></h4><p>A post-analytical application can be underpinned by legislation and national regulations (Directive 98/83/EC). Participants receive a synthetic drinking water sample with properties close to one or more limiting values. They are requested to deliver results, uncertainties and a “pass/fail” recommendation to the customer. The recommendations of the provider are listed in the feedback report for educational purposes. Information can be fed back also to regulators to serve, e.g. as basis for further discussions.&nbsp;</p><blockquote><h5><strong>More information / further reading&nbsp;</strong></h5><p>Information about PT providers and schemes can be obtained from your national accreditation body, from the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.eptis.org/"><strong>EPTIS website</strong></a> or from other national or international organisations.</p></blockquote>

Pre- and post-analytical proficiency testing

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Science and research

Eurachem is a European network promoting international traceability of chemical measurements and good analytical practice. It provides expert guidance, supports method validation, uncertainty evaluation, proficiency testing, and facilitates discussion on technical and policy issues in analytical quality.

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Thermo Fisher Scientific

<p><strong>Research and quality assurance labs often must analyze materials on the micro level.</strong></p>
<p>Combining optical microscopy with vibrational spectroscopy can provide a holistic view of the structure and functional relationship of the material and can be used for identifying foreign materials and defects.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Presenter:</strong> Suja Sukumaran (Senior Application Scientist, Thermo Fisher Scientific)</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Dr. Suja Sukumaran obtained her Ph.D. in Biophysics from JW Goethe University, Germany. Currently, she is an applications scientist at Thermo Fisher Scientific. Suja has worked in the field of spectroscopy for over 17 years. Her FTIR application expertise spans many industries including polymer/chemical, pharmaceutical, forensics, semiconductor, and food industries.</p>
</blockquote>


Thermo Scientific: Sweating the Small Stuff - Spectroscopy on the Micro Scale

Sweating the Small Stuff - Spectroscopy on the Micro Scale

Combining optical microscopy with vibrational spectroscopy can provide a holistic view of the structure and functional relationship of the material.

Sweating the Small Stuff

<div><div><div><div><p><strong>This webinar is aimed at the packaging industry, or more precisely, specialists involved in packaging in the food industry. In a first hands-on session, our host will first present two samples and then analyze them together with the audience.&nbsp;</strong></p><p>First, we will look for an EVOH layer in a multi-layer packaging film and then we will check the influence of the adhesive in a cold weld on a candy bar packaging. After that, the utility of FT-IR will be further illustrated briefly by other use-cases, before we continue with the question and answer session.</p><h5><strong>What you will learn about:</strong></h5></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><ul><li>FT-IR microscopy in packaging failure analysis</li><li>Multi-layer polymer films and very thin layers (EVOH)</li><li>Behavior of adhesives in complex matrices</li><li>Troubleshooting of food packaging</li></ul><h5><strong>What is the goal of the webinar:</strong></h5></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><ul><li>Demonstrate the utility of FT-IR microscopy</li><li>Showcase the importance of unbiased data</li><li>Highlight the unique advantages of IR imaging</li></ul><h5><strong>We will discuss:</strong></h5></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><ul><li>Application example: Multilayer-Film with EVOH layer smaller than 2 µm</li><li>Application example: Cold weld seal on a candy bar wrapper</li><li>Further application examples from packaging materials</li></ul><h5><strong>Who should attend:</strong></h5></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><ul><li>Research experts in food packaging development</li><li>QC specialists for food packaging</li><li>Polymer experts and researchers</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter: </strong>Eric Klein, Bruker Optics (Sales &amp; Application / Compact Systems &amp; Micro Analysis)</p><p>Eric Klein started as an application specialist at Bruker in 2009 and has since taken on a leading role as solution expert in failure and root cause analysis using FT-IR microscopy. He has presented multiple webinars on the topic and likes to engage with the audience in Q&amp;A sessions.</p></blockquote></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>

Bruker: Troubleshooting Food Packaging Materials by µ-FT-IR

Troubleshooting Food Packaging Materials by µ-FT-IR

This webinar shows how FT-IR microscopy supports the food packaging industry by analyzing multilayer films, adhesives, and solving common packaging issues.

<div><div data-g-name="OverviewStage"><div><div><div><strong>No matter where you look, functional surfaces are part of your life. Whether it's your morning shave, the paint on your car or the anti-fingerprint coating on your cell phone - specially engineered surfaces play a central role in almost everything!</strong></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p>In this webinar, our surface analysis expert Eric Klein will take you to his lab and work through typical examples of industrial surface analysis. We will show you the step by step analysis and troubleshooting of:</p><ul><li>Treated quality razor blades for consumers</li><li>Painted sheet metal from the automotive sector</li><li>Contaminated sheet metal before refinement</li><li>DLC coated tools and equipment&nbsp;</li><li>Cleanliness check of soldering and bonding pads</li></ul><h5><strong>You will learn about:</strong></h5></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><ul><li>How to elucidate the causes of surface damages</li><li>Which experimental technique should be used for certain samples types</li><li>Proper experimental procedure using FT-IR microscopy and imaging</li><li>The value of FT-IR in process troubleshooting and industrial QC</li></ul><h5><strong>We will cover the basics of:</strong></h5><ul><li>Surface Analysis and Troubleshooting</li><li>Infrared (FT-IR) Microscopy and Imaging</li><li>FT-IR Sampling Techniques</li></ul><h5><strong>Who should attend:</strong></h5></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><ul><li>Automotive QA/QC Specialists</li><li>Coating Experts and Surface Refiners</li><li>Industrial Manufacturers and Material Researchers</li><li>Analytical Service Laboratories</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>Presenter: &nbsp;</strong>Eric Klein, Bruker Optics (Sales &amp; Application / Compact Systems &amp; Micro Analysis)</p><p>Eric Klein started as an application specialist at Bruker in 2009 and has since taken on a leading role as solution expert in failure and root cause analysis using FT-IR microscopy. He has presented multiple webinars on the topic and likes to engage with the audience in Q&amp;A sessions.</p></blockquote></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>

Bruker: How to Utilize FT-IR for the Analysis of Coatings, Surface Treatments and Technical Cleanliness

How to Utilize FT-IR for the Analysis of Coatings, Surface Treatments and Technical Cleanliness.

In this webinar, our surface analysis expert Eric Klein will take you to his lab and work through typical examples of industrial surface analysis. 

Using FT-IR for Coatings, Surface Treatments & Cleanliness

<div><p><strong>During this webinar, the speaker considers how photothermal AFM-IR can benefit the polymer characterization applications of:</strong></p><ul><li>Multilayer films</li><li>Polymer blends/block copolymers</li><li>Organic photovoltaics</li></ul><div><div><div><p>This webinar covers numerous academia and industry applications in the field of polymer characterization. To illustrate the broad applicability, select examples are discussed in detail, ranging from phase separation in polymer blends/block copolymers and reverse engineering in multilayer films to fibers and thin film characterization. This webinar shows how photothermal AFM-IR provides nanoscale chemical information with highly resolved IR spectra that directly correlate to FT-IR transmission spectroscopy.</p></div></div></div><div><div><blockquote><ul><li><a data-g-name="CallToAction" data-protectable="" data-tracking="{&quot;classification&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;webinarDate&quot;:1586649600000,&quot;onWebinar&quot;:true,&quot;external&quot;:false}" target="_self"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.bruker.com/en/news-and-events/webinars/2020/two-complementary-nanoscale-ir-techniques-photothermal-afm-ir-and-s-snom.html"><strong>watch part 1: Two Complementary Nanoscale IR Techniques: Photothermal AFM-IR and s-SNOM&nbsp;</strong></a></a></li><li><a data-g-name="CallToAction" data-protectable="" data-tracking="{&quot;classification&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;webinarDate&quot;:1586649600000,&quot;onWebinar&quot;:true,&quot;external&quot;:false}" target="_self"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.bruker.com/en/news-and-events/webinars/2020/online-demo-of-the-nanoir3-system-photothermal-afm-ir.html"><strong>watch part 2: Online Demo of the nanoIR3 System - Photothermal AFM-IR&nbsp;</strong></a></a></li><li><a data-g-name="CallToAction" data-protectable="" data-tracking="{&quot;classification&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;webinarDate&quot;:1586649600000,&quot;onWebinar&quot;:true,&quot;external&quot;:false}" target="_self"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.bruker.com/en/news-and-events/webinars/2020/nanoscale-afm-ir-spectroscopy-and-imaging-for-failure-analysis-of-electronic-devices.html"><strong>watch part 4: Nanoscale AFM-IR Spectroscopy and Imaging for Failure Analysis of Electronic Devices&nbsp;</strong></a></a></li><li><a data-g-name="CallToAction" data-protectable="" data-tracking="{&quot;classification&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;webinarDate&quot;:1586649600000,&quot;onWebinar&quot;:true,&quot;external&quot;:false}" target="_self"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.bruker.com/en/news-and-events/webinars/2020/2d-material-characterization-using-photothermal-afm-ir-and-s-snom.html"><strong>watch part 5: 2D Material Characterization Using Photothermal AFM-IR and s-SNOM&nbsp;</strong></a></a></li></ul></blockquote></div></div></div>

Bruker: Chemical Characterization of Heterogenous Polymeric Materials on the Nanoscale Using Photothermal AFM-IR

Chemical Characterization of Heterogenous Polymeric Materials on the Nanoscale Using Photothermal AFM-IR

This webinar covers numerous academia and industry applications in the field of polymer characterization. 

ICPMS webinars focusing on Microscopy - page 11