Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezICPMS Library in the week of 10th November 2025? Check out new documents from the field of spectroscopy/spectrometry and related techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT SPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezGCMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by LECO and Shimadzu and poster by Thermo Fisher Scientific!<h3>1. LECO: Compositional Depth Profile Analysis of Galvanized Steel</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/GDS_950_CDP_GALVANIZED_STEEL_203_821_675_1778f1c8f1.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>&nbsp;<ul><li>Thickness and Coating Weight of Galvanized Steel&nbsp;</li><li>Elemental Composition of the Coating and Substrate&nbsp;</li><li>Compositional Analysis of Surface Treatments</li></ul>The application of zinc and zinc-alloy coatings to steel provides protection against galvanic and barrier corrosion. Galvanized coatings can be applied by either continuous hot-dip coating or electroplating. Hot-dip coatings include galvanized (zinc), galvannealed, and 55% aluminum-zinc. Electroplated coatings include zinc and zinc-nickel. The choice of coating depends on the application. Thin coatings provide sufficient corrosion resistance where the corrosion rate is low, such as interior panels and painted parts. Thick coatings are needed where corrosion rate is high and long service life is required, such as marine or underground applications.Compositional Depth Profile (CDP) using the LECO GDS950 rapidly provides analysis of various galvanized coatings on steel. The analyses shown in this Application Note conforms to and is in accordance with ISO 16962.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>As demonstrated in this application note, CDP analysis on the LECO GDS950 provides coating composition as a function of depth for a variety of galvanized coatings, including both conductive and non-conductive coatings. Most zinc coatings can be analyzed in 60-300 s. The 55% aluminum-zinc alloy sputters more slowly and can be analyzed in 600-900 s. CDP using the LECO GDS950 provides a single flexible method to analyze multiple zinc and zinc-alloy coating types.<h3>2. Shimadzu: Determination of Water-Extractable Total Organic Carbon Content in Recycled Black Mass</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_00919_en_4983319ee6.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>User Benefits</h4><ul><li>&nbsp;Measurement of the water-extractable TOC content in recycled black mass is possible.</li><li>Using the NPOC method, TOC measurement can be simplified thanks to reduced preprocessing.</li><li>Utilizing the ASI-L auto sampler enables multiple samples to be measured automatically</li></ul>Black mass is a concentrated powder created during the recycling of lithium-ion batteries. It contains valuable metals such as cobalt and nickel, which are cathode active materials, as well as graphite, which is an anode active material. Since black mass contains these valuable metals, its recycling and reuse significantly contribute to reducing environmental impact and promoting the efficient utilization of resources.&nbsp;Black mass may contain organic substances derived from used batteriesthat serve asraw materials, as well as organic substances from the environmental sources introduced during storage and transportation. These organic substances can leach into water or acidic solutions, which may adversely affect the refining process. This not only results in poor-quality recycled materials but also leavesresidual organic substancesin the waste liquids, potentially causing environmental pollution. Therefore, it is essential to quantify the total amount of organic substances contained in black mass. The amount of these organic substances can be evaluated astotal organic carbon (TOC).&nbsp;In China, one of the major importing countries of black mass, the evaluation of water-extractable TOC in black mass is regulated under the Chinese National Standard GB/T 45203- 2024. 1) According to this standard, TOC is measured using a total organic carbon analyzer based on the combustion oxidation method with non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detection. This article provides an example of measuring water-extractable TOC in black mass using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=+TOC-L+analyzer">Shimadzu TOC-L analyzer</a>, a total organic carbon analyzer that uses the combustion oxidation method with NDIR detection.<h4>TOC Analysis Using the NPOC Method&nbsp;</h4>In the NPOC method, the sample is acidified by adding acid, and IC is removed through aeration treatment. The measurement is then performed under the assumption that “TC = TOC.” In the NPOC method, the instrument automatically performed acidification and aeration. This method is expected to reduce measurement time compared to the TC-IC method, and only a single calibration curve isrequired.&nbsp;Fig. 4 illustrates the pretreatment flow when using the NPOC method. Here, IC in the solution can be efficiently removed through automatic acidification and aeration by the instrument. As a result, Step 3, “Acidification and Aeration Treatment,” in the pretreatment procedure can be omitted. A 5 mL aliquot of the filtrate obtained in Step 2, “Filtration,” was directly diluted to 100 mL in a volumetric flask, and the resulting solution was used as the measurement solution.&nbsp;When no acidification is performed during pretreatment, the measurement solution becomes alkaline. Therefore, in the NPOC measurement, the acid addition rate was set to a relatively high value of 2.5 %.&nbsp;The NPOC method is not described in GB/T 45203-2024; however, it is expected to improve processing efficiency by simplifying manual procedures.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>In this study, the water-extractable TOC in recycled black mass was determined using the Shimadzu TOC-L total organic carbon analyzer that uses the combustion oxidation method with NDIR detection. Pretreatment was performed with reference to GB/T 45203- 2024, and it was confirmed that the water-extractable TOC in black mass could be measured using the TC-IC method.&nbsp;On the other hand, by using the NPOC method, certain pretreatment steps could be omitted, enabling a more simplified quantification of TOC. This method is effective for improving measurement efficiency in applications such as screening. In both measurement methods, satisfactory results were obtained in the spiked recovery tests, confirming the validity of the analysis. Furthermore, by utilizing the ASI-L auto-sampler, multiple samples can be measured automatically, contributing to improved analytical efficiency.<h3>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Do we have a choice of reaction gas for measuring Ca? Investigations using the Thermo Scientific Neoma MS/MS MC-ICP-MS</h3><ul><li>Poster</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/po_003544_choice_reaction_gas_measuring_ca_investigations_neoma_ms_icp_po003544_en_48ed6a2064.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Calcium isotope measurements have long been limited by isobaric interferences, particularly from 40Ar+ on 40Ca+, when using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). The reintroduction of collision/reaction cell technology to MC-ICP-MS systems, such as the Thermo Scientific Neoma MS/MS MC-ICP-MS, has allowed more precise δ44/40Ca determinations using hydrogen (H₂) as a reaction gas. However, researchers investigated whether sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) could offer an alternative, forming CaF⁺ and removing both 40Ar+ and 88Sr²⁺ interferences, thereby simplifying sample preparation and enabling in-situ Ca isotope analysis by laser ablation.<h4>Experimental</h4>Measurements were performed on the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/1675">Thermo Scientific Neoma MS/MS MC-ICP-MS</a> equipped with three 10¹³ Ω amplifiers and an axial secondary electron multiplier. The Jet interface with X-skimmer and Jet sampler cones, and an ESI Apex Omega Q desolvating nebulizer, were used to maximize sensitivity. Reaction gases—helium and SF₆—were introduced into the collision/reaction cell. Both solution and solid samples (analyzed by coupling the Neoma MS/MS to an ESL NWR imageGEO 193 nm excimer laser ablation system) were tested. Solid samples included reference glasses (SRM 614, BHVO-2G) and apatites (Durango, Madagascar, SUME, iPiRA). Data reduction was done using Iolite 4 software with a custom CaF⁺ reduction scheme.<h4>Results</h4>Using SF₆ as the reaction gas effectively formed CaF⁺ ions, reducing argon and strontium interferences. However, sensitivity decreased about five-fold compared to the H₂/He setup, and molecular interferences—likely ³²S¹⁹F¹⁴N⁺ and ³²S¹⁹F¹⁶O⁺—affected minor isotopes (46Ca, 48Ca). Reproducibility of 40Ca/44Ca was poorer than that of 42Ca/44Ca and 43Ca/44Ca despite higher 40Ca sensitivity. For most solution and solid standards, δ42Ca and δ43Ca values matched expected ranges. Solid-state tests via laser ablation showed generally consistent isotopic ratios, with slightly higher uncertainty for low-Ca materials.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The study demonstrated that SF₆ can be used as a viable reaction gas for interference-free measurement of Ca isotopes on the Neoma MS/MS MC-ICP-MS, offering potential for in-situ analysis and reduced sample preparation. However, H₂ remains the superior choice for solution-based analyses due to its higher sensitivity, better precision, and fewer molecular interferences. SF₆, on the other hand, provides a promising alternative for direct solid-sample applications, such as laser ablation Ca isotope ratio studies.

News from LabRulezICPMS Library - Week 46, 2025

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezICPMS Library in the week of 30th March 2026? Check out new documents from the field of spectroscopy/spectrometry and related techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT SPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezGCMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Metrohm, Shimadzu, Thermo Fisher Scientific and Waters Corporation!<h3>1. Metrohm: Quantification of methanol in contaminated spirits</h3>Protecting consumers from contaminated beverages<ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_rs_056_download_3b37cb883a.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>An alarming global trend highlights the serious harm that can result from ingesting illegal, improperly distilled alcohol. Home-distilled spirits prepared using industrial solvents (i.e., wood alcohol) and presented as legitimate alcoholic beverages often contain methanol. Methanol causes blindness and can lead to death when ingested. This has led to fatal consequences around the world [1–3].&nbsp;The breaking point for the Czech Republic came in September 2012. The sale of hard liquor was temporarily banned after 20 people died from the consumption of spirits with dangerous levels of methanol [2]. After an exhaustive study using various screening tools, the Czech Republic adopted Raman spectroscopy as the method of choice for identifying and quantifying methanol in contaminated spirits. This Application Note demonstrates how Raman spectroscopy can be employed as an efficient and rapid screening method for samples of rum contaminated with methanol.<h4>EXPERIMENT&nbsp;</h4>This example study measures commercially available coconut rum that is spiked with methanol in concentrations between 0.33% and 5.36%. The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=220&amp;search=iRaman">iRaman NxG 785H</a> with a fiber-optic probe is used to collect Raman spectra of the mixtures (Figure 3). Table 1 lists the relevant equipment and instrument settings used for this application study. The peak at around 1000 cm-1 (highlighted by the inlay of Figure 3) visibly increases with increasing concentration of methanol, becoming significant at approximately 1%.<h4>CONCLUSION</h4>These results validate that Raman spectroscopy can be used for rapid, quantitative screening of dangerous adulterants in alcoholic beverages. This technique can be expanded to investigate adulteration in other media such as food, petroleum, and pharmaceutical drugs [4].<h3>2. Shimadzu: Evaluation of Organic Impurities in Lithium Carbonate by TOC Analysis</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_01098_en_ec9b3e73fc.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>User Benefits</h4><ul><li>TOC analysis enables effective control of organic impurities in lithium carbonate.</li><li>Using the combustion tube kit for high-salt samples can extend the lifespan of the combustion tube and catalyst, reducing maintenance frequency.</li><li>With the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=ASI-L+autosampler">ASI-L autosampler</a>, multiple samples can be measured automatically, improving throughput and efficiency</li></ul>Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is an important material used in a wide range of applications in the lithium-ion battery industry. For example, it is used as a lithium source for cathode active material synthesis and electrolyte salt production, as a raw material for oxide-based solid electrolytes, and as a form of lithium commonly recovered in recycling processes.&nbsp;Because impurities in lithium carbonate can affect downstream processes and final products, appropriate control is essential. In particular, organic impurities require especially careful attention because they may originate from so many sources, such as solvents and processing aids used during purification, residual organics from manufacturing steps, or contamination introduced during handling and storage.&nbsp;Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis offers an effective way to manage such organic impurities in raw materials. This article presents an example of using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=TOC-L">Shimadzu TOC-L</a> total organic carbon analyzer (Fig. 1) to evaluate the TOC content of lithium carbonate.<h4>TOC Analysis&nbsp;</h4><h5>TOC Analysis Methods&nbsp;</h5>Two commonly used methods are available for TOC analysis:&nbsp;(1) TC - IC method: Total carbon (TC) and inorganic carbon (IC) are measured separately, and then TOC is calculated as the difference (TOC = TC – IC).(2) NPOC method: TOC is measured as non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC). After acidifying the sample to pH &lt; 3, IC is subsequently removed by sparging and the remaining carbon is measured as TC, which is regarded as TOC. The acidification and sparging steps are performed automatically by the instrument.&nbsp;For lithium carbonate solutions, the amount of carbonatederived IC is typically very high. As a result, the TC–IC method tends to yield calculated TOC values with a larger relative error. Therefore, the NPOC method isrecommended.&nbsp;In lithium carbonate solutions prepared as described above, IC is expected to be present mainly as bicarbonate (HCO3 –) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). If IC is not fully removed during NPOC pretreatment, the TOC result may be overestimated. Therefore, thorough IC removal is critical for samples with high IC content. For actual samples, sparging parameters, such as sparge gas flow rate and sparge time settings, can be adjusted.&nbsp;<h5>Combustion Tube for High-Salt Samples&nbsp;</h5>The prepared lithium carbonate solution contains a large amount of salts. When a large number of salt-containing samples are analyzed, salts may accumulate inside the combustion tube, which can lead to catalyst clogging, reduced sensitivity, and poorer repeatability.For this analysis, the optional combustion tube for high-salt samples was used, shown in Fig. 2. The high-salt combustion tube has a larger diameter than the standard combustion tube and contains larger catalyst particles to help mitigate saltrelated clogging. Thus, the frequency of combustion tube replacement can be significantly reduced.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>In this article, TOC analysis was performed for a 10 g/L lithium carbonate solution using a Shimadzu TOC-L total organic carbon analyzer. By measuring TOC in the prepared solution, the TOC content in the lithium carbonate solid was calculated. The results showed good recovery rates in the spike-recovery test and consistent performance was also confirmed during long-term continuous analysis. These findings demonstrate that the TOC-L is a reliable solution for measuring TOC in lithium carbonate and for effective management of organic impurities.&nbsp;When applying the NPOC method to lithium salt-containing solutions, careful selection of the acid is essential because salts formed during acidification can affect both data quality and instrument condition. For this example, sulfuric acid is recommended.In addition, using the optional combustion tube kit for high-salt samples can extend the lifespan of the combustion tube and catalyst, thereby reducing maintenance frequency. This option is especially helpful for samples with high salt concentrations.&nbsp;In addition to lithium carbonate, the TOC-L can also be applied to TOC analysis of lithium hydroxide solutions, determination of water-extractable TOC in recycled black mass, and analytical needs in lithium refining processes based on direct lithium extraction (DLE). With its broad applicability across various upstream materials, recycling streams, and refining processes, the TOC-L supports both quality control and process optimization operations throughout the lithium-ion battery value chain.<h3>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Evaluating Silicon using Raman Microscopy</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/vib_silicon_analysis_with_raman_microscope_app_note_mcs_an1232_en_11_2024_1887815_web_50639c9148.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>Raman spectroscopy is a form of vibrational spectroscopy that probes chemical bonds and molecular structure and is sensitive to small changes in chemical and structural environments. The Raman spectrum of a material is a molecular “fingerprint” that can be used for identification of unknown materials and for characterizing and qualifying expected materials. Since intermolecular effects and lattice vibrations are also detected, it can be used to evaluate crystallinity. Mechanical phenomena such as strain can also be detected from peak shifts in Raman spectra. Raman imaging allows visualization of the distribution of components or changes in physical state across the sample.<h4>Silicon in aluminum&nbsp;</h4>Silicon is used in alloys with aluminum to increase the strength of lightweight aluminum-based parts. Addition of silicon to aluminum also alters the viscosity of melted aluminum, improving the castability. These alloys typically contain 3% to 25% silicon. While silicon and aluminum can form a eutectic mixture, it is common to have finely dispersed silicon particles throughout the material.¹ The size and distribution of silicon particles can affect the strength of the aluminum.&nbsp;One common example of an aluminum product, aluminum foil, is made up of almost pure aluminum (approximately 98.5%) but it does contain small amounts of silicon and iron.² Raman imaging of a piece of aluminum foil reveals small particles of silicon (Figure 1). A <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2237">Thermo Scientific™ DXR3xi Raman Imaging Microscope </a>was used with a 532 nm laser and a 100X&nbsp;metallurgical objective to collect the Raman imaging data. An area of 408 μm x 208 μm was imaged using an image pixel size of 1 μm. The Raman image, based on the 520 cm-1 peak of silicon, shows the spatial distribution of the particles and image analysis provides size and shape information. In this case, 81&nbsp;silicon particles were identified with a size (area) range of 6-151 μm². This analytical approach may be extrapolated to other types of Si/Al alloy parts.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>The importance of silicon as a technologically significant material cannot be overstated. It has properties that make it useful in numerous different types of products. Raman micro-spectroscopy has proven itself an important tool for the assessment of molecular structure and physical states of silicon. Raman images provide a way to observe the spatial distribution of silicon and silicon-containing components, structural variations such as crystallinity, and physical effects such as strain. This note showed a few representative examples to illustrate some of the advantages offered by Raman microscopic analysis of silicon. The coverage is not intended to be comprehensive as there are numerous other areas where the Raman analysis of silicon is currently employed and other opportunities where it could be used. The Thermo Scientific DXR3 Raman Microscope and the Thermo Scientific DXR3xi Raman Imaging Microscope have both been shown to be excellent choices for the Raman analysis of silicon samples.<h3>4. Waters Corporation: High-Throughput Detection of Degraded Polysorbate in Biological Formulations with FMM</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/720009114_en_99c7483d1a.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>The FDA requires that all biologic formulations be free of visible particles and has defined allowable levels of subvisible particles (SVPs) larger than 10 µm to ensure the potency, efficiency, and safety of these drug.1 While most protein drug particle analysis focuses on particles formed due to formulation instability, SVPs formed through the degradation of formulation excipients must also be considered.&nbsp;Polysorbates 20 (PS20) and 80 (PS80), best known as Tween-20 and -80, are excipients used in &gt;70% of marketed parenteral biological drugs to improve product stability and shelf life.2 However, when these formulations are stored for long periods of time (&gt;6 months) at low temperatures (4 °C), visible and subvisible particles are formed due to the enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysorbates by host cell proteins (HCPs) such as esterases and lipases.3,4 PS20 in particular has been found to be extremely prone to degrading into fatty acid particles.5 Lauric, myristic and palmitic acids are the most common fatty acid degradation products, and there is a direct correlation between low fatty acid solubility and particle formation in common formulation buffers.3–7 However, high-throughput, sensitive, and specific analysis of polysorbate particles has been difficult due to their complex chemistry and their low concentrations (&lt;&lt;0.5%) in high protein concentration (&gt;100–200 mg/mL) formulation environments, making it a perennial needle in a haystack problem.In this application note, we introduce the Aura™ polysorbate degradation assay, a specific and quantitative assay that detects free fatty acid particles (FFAs) formed during polysorbate degradation on Aura PTx System. The assay analyzes 96 samples using anywhere from 5 µL–10 mL of sample in a few hours. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2190">Aura™ Systems</a> use backgrounded membrane imaging (BMI) and fluorescence membrane microscopy (FMM) to count, size and ID particles from 1 µm to 5 mm. Fluorescent labels utilized by FMM are selected based on thier ability to interact with particles of a certain nature, allowing for the generation of key information related to identity of the particles.<h4>Results and Discussion&nbsp;</h4><h5>Morphological Appearance of Different Fatty Acid Particles&nbsp;</h5>Aura systems image every particle, enables subvisible particle size distributions analysis, and makes morphological differentiation possible using built-in image analysis filters. When we analyze different free fatty acid solutions with Aura PTx System, we find that each forms particles with different morphological characteristics. Lauric acid particles are large and irregular clusters, myristic acid particles are small and oval shaped, and palmitic acid particles form fibril-like particles and small circular clusters (Figure 2a-c). These unique morphological characteristics suggest the presence of free fatty acid particles that can then be confirmed with FMM using labeled fluorescence.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>Aura PTx System and <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2190">Aura+ System</a> can easily detect the major degradation components of PS20 in proteincontaining samples at any stage of the drug manufacturing process. The method only requires 5 µL of sample, is specific and sensitive, and can analyze 96 samples in just a few hours, far outperforming other techniques. Aura PTx System and Aura+ System can also identify and differentiate the key degraded particulates from polysorbate formulation by their distinguishable shape, appearance, and specific labeling with BODIPY FL C16. The Aura polysorbate assay can detect FFAs at concentrations relative to lauric acid above 9.38 µM (&gt;2183 counts/mL) and quantitate above 18.75 µM (&gt;2976 counts/mL).

News from LabRulezICPMS Library - Week 14, 2026

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