In this leaflet we discuss whether or not you should correct for an observed significant bias and the impact this may have on the measurement uncertainty (MU). How to apply the correction and how to increase the uncertainty to take account of an uncorrected bias is outside the scope of this leaflet.&nbsp;Important issues for deciding on how to treat an observed significant bias are:&nbsp;<ul><li>whether we understand the cause of the bias, and&nbsp;</li><li>whether its size can be reliably determined.&nbsp;</li></ul>Further we must decide:&nbsp;<ul><li>whether the bias is consistent for all test samples within the scope of the method and&nbsp;</li><li>whether any correction for bias should be multiplicative or additive, depending on whether the magnitude of the bias is constant or changes with the concentration level.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Treatment_of_an_observed_bias_2_d221a32b8b.jpg" alt="Eurachem: Treatment of an observed bias" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Treatment_of_an_observed_bias_2_d221a32b8b.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1528" height="448"><h4>Should we correct, and should we increase the measurement uncertainty?&nbsp;</h4>The ISO Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, GUM [1], assumes that “the result of a measurement has been corrected for all recognised significant systematic effects” (GUM 3.2.4). This implies that when developing a measurement method all known sources of bias should be investigated and if possible, eliminated or their effect minimised. If this cannot be achieved, then, if appropriate, a correction should be applied and the measurement uncertainty revised.&nbsp;Let’s assume we have available a standardised method or a fully developed in-house method, with a clear description of the measurand, where any known bias has been minimised during method development (e.g. the effect of interferences has been minimised or a correction is included in the method). The next step, as a part of the validation, is to reliably determine any additional bias for the concentration interval and different matrices specified within the scope of the method. On the next page we present a roadmap outlining how to handle any additional significant bias.&nbsp;Note that the observed bias in a laboratory could be due to laboratory as well as method bias. For empirical methods where the measurand is operationally defined by the method, the method bias is by definition zero, however, the laboratory bias still needs to be considered.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Treatment_of_an_observed_bias_3_5d99940abd.jpg" alt="Eurachem: Treatment of an observed bias" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Treatment_of_an_observed_bias_3_5d99940abd.jpg 62w," sizes="100vw" width="426" height="1060"><ol><li>There is no point in trying to eliminate or correct a small bias, since both elimination and correction need resources.&nbsp;</li><li>If bias is not negligible then the best approach, if possible, is to try to eliminate it by modifying the method.&nbsp;</li><li>If bias is not negligible, but eliminating it is either impossible or impractical, then we can consider correcting for bias. There are three possibilities:&nbsp;<ul><li>Correction may be required (e. g. by regulations).&nbsp;</li><li>Correction may be forbidden, in which case no correction should be made.&nbsp;</li><li>Correction may be allowed. Then we should look at two more criteria to determine whether correction is justified.&nbsp;</li></ul></li><li>If bias can be reliably determined and a correction method can be applied that is relevant for all test samples within the scope of the method we may decide to correct for bias. However, if the cause of bias is not known then correcting for bias cannot be generally recommended. If bias cannot be reliably determined then we should not correct for it. If we correct the result on the basis of an unreliable bias estimate then we may even increase the uncertainty of the results.&nbsp;</li><li>Correcting for bias is meaningful only if a useful reduction of measurement uncertainty (MU) is achieved. Correcting for the bias is only meaningful if the MU of the correction is smaller than the component of the MU arising from not applying the correction.&nbsp;</li></ol>If a significant bias is not corrected, it is difficult to give clear guidance on what action to take. For the case of recovery correction, IUPAC [2] lists some possibilities if no correction is applied:&nbsp;<ol><li>No action;&nbsp;</li><li>Report recovery separately, including the uncertainty of both the result and the recovery&nbsp;</li><li>Take the bias into account in the uncertainty estimate of the results</li></ol>These principles can be applied to other forms of bias. Further options have also been reviewed in the literature: See, for example, reference [3]

Treatment of an observed bias

Scientists from the CTLAB at CEITEC Brno University of Technology used a new industrial CT scanner to examine the Bastion ballistic helmet manufactured by the U.S.-based company Ballistic Armor Co. Without making a single cut, the scanner revealed the helmet's internal structure, including its individual protective layers, and confirmed the absence of manufacturing defects. The results demonstrate the technology's potential for quality control and the development of protective equipment for the defense industry.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Profesionalni_ochranne_vybaveni_pod_rentgenem_Vyzkumnici_z_CEITEC_overili_kvalitu_balisticke_prilby_bez_jedineho_rezu_4be342238c.jpeg" alt="CEITEC BUT/CEITEC BUT with the permission of Ballistic Armor Co.: Professional Protective Gear Under X-Rays: CEITEC Researchers Verify the Quality of a Ballistic Helmet Without Making a Single Cut: Bastion Helmet by Ballistic Amor Co. scanned at CTLAB CEITEC." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Profesionalni_ochranne_vybaveni_pod_rentgenem_Vyzkumnici_z_CEITEC_overili_kvalitu_balisticke_prilby_bez_jedineho_rezu_4be342238c.jpeg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging technique widely used in medicine. Using X-rays, CT scanners produce detailed 2D cross-sectional images or 3D models of internal organs, allowing physicians to examine the inside of the human body without surgery and identify structural changes in tissues. Industrial CT scanners at <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://ctlab.ceitec.cz/">CTLAB CEITEC</a> operate on the same principle but use significantly higher X-ray energies than medical systems. This enables researchers to inspect larger and more complex objects with exceptional precision while keeping them completely intact through non-destructive testing.The laboratory's newest scanner, the Waygate Technologies phoenix v|tome|x L450, installed only at the end of last year, is unique in the research environment. Its size and power allow it to penetrate, for example, steel objects up to 7 centimeters (2.8 inches) thick while maintaining a resolution of only a few tens of micrometers.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Profesionalni_ochranne_vybaveni_pod_rentgenem_Vyzkumnici_z_CEITEC_overili_kvalitu_balisticke_prilby_bez_jedineho_rezu_4_bf54aa6ef1.jpeg" alt="CEITEC BUT/CEITEC BUT with the permission of Ballistic Armor Co.: Professional Protective Gear Under X-Rays: CEITEC Researchers Verify the Quality of a Ballistic Helmet Without Making a Single Cut: Anna Smith from Ballistic Armor Co. and Michaela Škaroupková from CTLAB CEITEC." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Profesionalni_ochranne_vybaveni_pod_rentgenem_Vyzkumnici_z_CEITEC_overili_kvalitu_balisticke_prilby_bez_jedineho_rezu_4_bf54aa6ef1.jpeg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">"Based on its technical capabilities, we knew this system could analyze highly complex composite materials. That's why we challenged it with the Bastion ballistic helmet from Ballistic Armor Co.," explains Tomáš Zikmund from the X-ray Computed Micro- and Nano-Tomography Laboratory at CEITEC Brno University of Technology (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://ctlab.ceitec.cz/">CTLAB CEITEC</a>). The helmet is designed to provide protection against handgun ammunition.The helmet is manufactured from Aramid fibers, better known by the trade name Kevlar. Aramid is widely used in ballistic protection and aerospace applications because of its exceptional strength, durability, and low weight. Combined with the helmet's other materials, it forms a highly complex internal structure that only the most advanced CT systems can visualize.<h3>CT Helps Ensure Quality Without Damaging the Product</h3>As part of the study, the Bastion helmet was exposed to X-rays for several hours. The result was a highly detailed 3D model of its internal structure, clearly revealing the individual ballistic layers as well as the soft padding materials—all without cutting the helmet apart. The analysis also detected no manufacturing defects."Results from non-destructive CT inspections like this improve our understanding of how protective equipment is built and help manufacturers maintain the highest standards of quality and safety," says Anna Smith, Director of Business Development at <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://ballisticarmorco.com/">Ballistic Armor Co</a>.Non-destructive CT analysis, however, is not a substitute for standard ballistic testing, which remains essential for verifying that protective equipment meets the required ballistic resistance specified by applicable standards. Instead, the technology serves as an effective tool for routine manufacturing quality control, verification of production consistency, and regular audits of products whose ballistic performance has already been validated.According to Tomáš Zikmund, the successful test marks another important milestone in demonstrating the capabilities of the laboratory's new CT system for defense applications. Earlier this spring, the research team showcased the scanner by examining an airsoft rifle, non-destructively verifying the correct placement of mechanical components and wiring while also inspecting the materials for pores and microcracks.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Profesionalni_ochranne_vybaveni_pod_rentgenem_Vyzkumnici_z_CEITEC_overili_kvalitu_balisticke_prilby_bez_jedineho_rezu_3_9a68c9c71c.jpeg" alt="CEITEC BUT/CEITEC BUT with the permission of Ballistic Armor Co.: Professional Protective Gear Under X-Rays: CEITEC Researchers Verify the Quality of a Ballistic Helmet Without Making a Single Cut: Bastion Helmet by Ballistic Amor Co. scanned at CTLAB CEITEC." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Profesionalni_ochranne_vybaveni_pod_rentgenem_Vyzkumnici_z_CEITEC_overili_kvalitu_balisticke_prilby_bez_jedineho_rezu_3_9a68c9c71c.jpeg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">These studies demonstrate that industrial CT has an important role to play in the defense sector. In many cases, it can complement destructive quality-control methods used during manufacturing by enabling detailed inspections without disassembling or damaging the product. Modern CT technology provides deep, highly precise, and completely non-destructive inspection. It does not, however, replace conventional ballistic testing, which remains the only method capable of verifying the required level of ballistic protection."Our goal is to strengthen collaboration between science, technology development, and the defense industry," Zikmund concludes. "We believe our technology can help manufacturers not only improve production quality but also gain valuable insights into the behavior of materials and the design principles behind modern protective equipment."<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Profesionalni_ochranne_vybaveni_pod_rentgenem_Vyzkumnici_z_CEITEC_overili_kvalitu_balisticke_prilby_bez_jedineho_rezu_2_1559697260.jpeg" alt="CEITEC BUT/CEITEC BUT with the permission of Ballistic Armor Co.: Professional Protective Gear Under X-Rays: CEITEC Researchers Verify the Quality of a Ballistic Helmet Without Making a Single Cut: Bastion Helmet by Ballistic Amor Co. scanned at CTLAB CEITEC." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Profesionalni_ochranne_vybaveni_pod_rentgenem_Vyzkumnici_z_CEITEC_overili_kvalitu_balisticke_prilby_bez_jedineho_rezu_2_1559697260.jpeg 104w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="2400"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Profesionalni_ochranne_vybaveni_pod_rentgenem_Vyzkumnici_z_CEITEC_overili_kvalitu_balisticke_prilby_bez_jedineho_rezu_5_8dab8c31ab.jpeg" alt="CEITEC BUT/CEITEC BUT with the permission of Ballistic Armor Co.: Professional Protective Gear Under X-Rays: CEITEC Researchers Verify the Quality of a Ballistic Helmet Without Making a Single Cut: CEITEC BUT/CEITEC BUT with the permission of Ballistic Armor Co.: Professional Protective Gear Under X-Rays: CEITEC Researchers Verify the Quality of a Ballistic Helmet Without Making a Single Cut: Anna Smith from Ballistic Armor Co. and Michaela Škaroupková from CTLAB CEITEC." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Profesionalni_ochranne_vybaveni_pod_rentgenem_Vyzkumnici_z_CEITEC_overili_kvalitu_balisticke_prilby_bez_jedineho_rezu_5_8dab8c31ab.jpeg 103w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="2420">

Professional Protective Gear Under X-Rays: CEITEC Researchers Verify the Quality of a Ballistic Helmet Without Making a Single Cut 

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezICPMS Library in the week of 3rd August 2026? Check out new documents from the field of spectroscopy/spectrometry and related techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT SPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezGCMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies and Shimadzu and other document by Thermo Fisher Scientific!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Determination of Toxic Elements in Durian and Jackfruit Using an Agilent Automated ICP-MS System According to China GB 5009.268</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_icpms_durian_5994_9351en_agilent_fcafe537c7.pdf">Full PDF for download</a>&nbsp;</li></ul>Fruit is an essential part of daily human nutrition, providing vital vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber.3 The Chinese market, with over 1.4 billion people, has become one of the largest fruit markets in the world. It is expected that China's total fruit consumption will reach about 312 million tons by 2025.4 Additionally, fruit imports are projected to exceed 9 million tons annually, underscoring the country's strong domestic demand and reliance on imported supplies.&nbsp;Within this context, China has become a major export destination for Asian countries, including Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Philippines, Indonesia, and others. Thanks to favorable climate conditions and a wide variety of tropical fruit cultivars, these countries have strategically increased their fruit exports to satisfy Chinese market demand. Specifically, products such as durian and jackfruit have gained significant popularity, playing an increasingly vital role in regional agricultural trade.&nbsp;However, the biggest challenge for those countries when entering the Chinese market is strict food safety regulations, especially limits on trace elements and heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As). The General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China (GACC) sets very low Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs, Table 1). Additionally, the large, continuous volume of fruit exports makes time a critical factor, as any delay can affect product quality and reduce its economic value. This situation places significant pressure on testing laboratories, requiring the development of stable, rapid, and accurate methods to ensure continuous and reliable operations.&nbsp;To address these challenges, the Agilent ICP Workflow Automation System offers a practical solution. The ICP‑MS 7900 provides high-throughput, highly sensitive, and precise measurements of trace elements and heavy metals, including Pb, Cd, Hg, and As. The combination of ADS2 and AVS helps reduce sample turnaround time and cost per analysis. The Advanced Dilution System (ADS2) automatically performs important tasks such as preparing a multipoint calibration from a single stock standard up to 400 times, diluting samples above the calibration range, or, if there is an internal standard recovery issue, eliminating the need for manual dilution. The Advanced Valve System (AVS) automatically rinses the sample introduction system while the next sample is being analyzed, virtually eliminating the delays typical of conventional analysis. Using controlled argon bubble injection between the sample and rinse solution prevents mixing, reducing uptake and rinse times. This study describes the use of the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=7900">Agilent 7900 ICP-MS</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=SPS+4">Agilent SPS 4 autosampler</a>, AVS, and ADS2 auto-dilution for the analysis of four toxic elements in durian and jackfruit samples using the China GB 5009.268 method.1<h4>Results and discussion&nbsp;</h4><h5>Automatic calibration standards and Instrument stability&nbsp;</h5>A 7-point calibration curve automatically prepared using the ADS 2 demonstrated excellent linearity over the concentration range of 0.05–10 µg/L. Using a 1/x weighted regression without forcing the calibration through the origin, all analytes achieved coefficients of determination (R²) ≥ 0.995 (Figure 3), with back-calculated concentrations within 90–110% of their theoretical values, confirming the suitability of the calibration range for routine quantification. The integrated automation workflow significantly improved laboratory productivity by completing calibration preparation and analysis in approximately 1.5 minutes per sample. By minimizing manual operations and operator intervention, the ADS 2 reduced the risk of contamination and human error while enabling higher sample throughput for routine food safety testing.&nbsp;To evaluate instrument stability during continuous operation, the variation in internal standard recoveries was monitored throughout an analytical sequence of more than 70&nbsp;consecutive samples. The recoveries of the three internal standards across different measurement modes remained consistently within the ±20% acceptance limit throughout the analytical sequence (Figure 4). Blank samples interspersed between concentration intervals showed no evidence of carryover, demonstrating effective system cleanliness and analytical robustness. These results confirm the excellent long-term stability and robust matrix tolerance of the Agilent 7900 ICP-MS, providing reliable performance for high-throughput routine food safety testing.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>The Agilent 7900 ICP-MS, integrated with the SPS 4 autosampler, ADS 2, and AVS, delivers a fully automated, high-throughput workflow for routine trace-level multi-element analysis. By eliminating manual standard preparation and minimizing operator intervention, the solution reduces labor costs, improves data consistency, and empowers laboratories to maximize productivity and analytical capacity to meet increasing testing demands.&nbsp;Excellent sensitivity, long-term stability, and robust interference removal, together with satisfactory recoveries, repeatability, and reproducibility for As, Cd, Pb, and Hg at an LOQ of 5 µg/kg, demonstrate reliable analytical performance. Compliance with Chinese regulatory requirements further position the Agilent automation solution as a cost-effective platform for high-volume food safety testing and export quality assurance, enabling laboratories to confidently support the growing demand for exports to the Chinese&nbsp;market.<h3>2. Shimadzu: TOC Evaluation of Surfactants</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_01160_en_539fba0ba2.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h5>User benefits</h5><ul><li>TOC can be evaluated accurately using the TC-IC method, even for foaming surfactants.&nbsp;</li><li>The ASI-L autosampler enables automatic, continuous measurement of multiple samples, improving analytical efficiency.</li></ul>Surfactants are important chemicals widely used in detergents and dispersants for pharmaceutical equipment cleaning processes, chemical manufacturing processes, and environmental water management. If surfactant residues remain after such processes, they can not only affect manufacturing processes and final product quality, but also increase the organic load in wastewater and environmental water. Therefore, quality control is also needed for organic matter derived from surfactants.&nbsp;Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis is effective for evaluating the quality of surfactants. In general, the NPOC (non-purgeable organic carbon) method is often selected for TOC measurement in terms of sample volume and analysis time requirements. On the other hand, because surfactants have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups in their structure, they tend to foam even at low concentrations. When such samples are measured by the NPOC method, which involves acid addition and sparging, foaming can cause the sample to overflow from the syringe vessel inside the instrument into the waste line. That can result in measurement valuesthat are lower than the true value.&nbsp;This article compares TOC measurement results for surfactants obtained by the NPOC method and the TC-IC method using the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=TOC-L">Shimadzu TOC-L total organic carbon analyzer</a>, which uses the combustion oxidation method.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>Table 5 summarizes the results obtained by measuring sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate solutions, used here as representative surfactant samples, by the NPOC method and the TC-IC method. With the NPOC method, the TOC recovery rates were below 50 % for all samples, whereas the TC-IC method produced satisfactory TOC recovery rates close to 100 % for all samples.Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate solutions (carbon concentration: 0.5 mg/L) is also used in Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) recovery tests. For surfactants that readily foam, such as in this example, NPOC measurements involving acid addition and sparging may affect measurement accuracy due to sample loss. For such samples, accurate TOC values can be obtained by using the TC-IC method. In addition, by using the ASI-L autosampler, multiple samples can be measured automatically and continuously.<h3>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific: How rhodium plating can affect gold XRF results</h3><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products?category=315&amp;manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=niton">Thermo Scientific™ Niton™ XRF Analyzers</a> can help precious metals professionals detect rhodium (Rh) plating and interpret gold (Au) results with confidence.<ul><li>Other document (smart note)</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/rhodium_plating_can_affect_gold_xrf_results_sn1862_en_331edc099a.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>Benefits of XRF in jewelry analysis&nbsp;</h4>Niton XRF analyzers provide capabilities that can enhance a jeweler’s operations in several ways:&nbsp;<ul><li>Identify Rh-plated gold items during routine testing&nbsp;</li><li>Reduce confusion around unexpected Au readings&nbsp;</li><li>Support more confident buying, selling, refining, and verification decisions&nbsp;</li><li>Help explain results to customers, suppliers, and trading partners&nbsp;</li></ul><h4>Reduce risk in precious metals trading&nbsp;</h4>In precious metals trading, small differences in reported gold concentration can affect pricing, settlement, customer trust, and supplier relationships. Recognizing Rh plating helps users avoid unnecessary disputes, retesting, or destructive testing when the surface finish is influencing the measurement.&nbsp;<h4>Best practices&nbsp;</h4>One should always check the result for Rh when Au appears lower than expected.&nbsp;<ul><li>Test multiple locations, especially where plating may vary&nbsp;</li><li>Look for worn or unplated areas when appropriate&nbsp;</li><li>Interpret Au results in the context of surface finish and item history&nbsp;</li><li>If appropriate, remove the rhodium plating prior to XRF analysis to evaluate the underlying alloy&nbsp;</li></ul><h4>The bottom line&nbsp;</h4>Rhodium plating can make a properly karated gold item appear to return a lower Au result when it is evaluated by XRF. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products?category=315&amp;manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=niton">Niton XRF analyzers</a> can detect Rh at the surface, helping precious metals professionals recognize plating, interpret results correctly, and make more confident decisions.

News from LabRulezICPMS Library - Week 32, 2026

Article

Application

Academy

Science and research

Video

Since its establishment in 2011, CEITEC has quickly developed into a cutting-edge infrastructure for research which performs highly alongside the best institutes in Europe. Among the main priorities of CEITEC are the promotion of a motivating and dynamic international scientific environment, the provision of state-of-the-art research infrastructure, and the policy of open communication and equal opportunities.

CEITEC

Eurachem is a European network promoting international traceability of chemical measurements and good analytical practice. It provides expert guidance, supports method validation, uncertainty evaluation, proficiency testing, and facilitates discussion on technical and policy issues in analytical quality.

Eurachem

Everything from the world of analytical chemistry in one place. We connect people in solving their problems. At Labrulez you will find all the necessary information easily, quickly and clearly. Stop searching and start finding.

LabRulez

Wiley KnowItAll Analytical Edition Software

KnowItAll by Wiley offers a comprehensive solution for identifying, analyzing, and managing analytical data, enhancing spectral analysis speed and overall lab efficiency.

Solutions for IR, MS, NMR, Raman, &amp; UV-Vis<blockquote>More information on the Wiley Science Solutions website: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sciencesolutions.wiley.com/knowitall-analytical-edition-software/">KnowItAll Analytical Edition Software</a></blockquote><h5>Accelerate Spectral Analysis &amp; Boost Efficiency!</h5>KnowItAll by Wiley is an all-in-one solution for identifying, analyzing, and managing spectral data, streamlining lab workflows.<ul data-start="208" data-end="581" data-is-only-node="" data-is-last-node=""><li data-start="208" data-end="328">User-friendly interface with tools for processing, searching, mixture analysis, deconvolution, and reporting</li><li data-start="329" data-end="406">Patented spectral intelligence for automated, expert-driven workflows</li><li data-start="407" data-end="481">Supports multiple techniques &amp; vendor formats for full flexibility</li><li data-start="482" data-end="581" data-is-last-node="">Integrated with Wiley’s high-quality spectral databases for faster, more accurate results</li></ul><figure class="image"><img style="aspect-ratio:1922/1036;" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Wiley_Wiley_Know_It_All_Analytical_Edition_Software_cover_a703599ad2/Wiley-Wiley-KnowItAll-Analytical-Edition-Software-cover.jpg" alt="Wiley: Wiley KnowItAll Analytical Edition Software" width="1922" height="1036"></figure><h4>Streamline Your Analysis with KnowItAll</h4>KnowItAll integrates all essential tools and data into a single, user-friendly platform, saving you time, optimizing workflows, and enhancing data interpretation.<h4>Compatible Data Types</h4>A vendor-neutral solution, KnowItAll supports 130+ instrument formats, ensuring seamless workflow continuity even as lab equipment evolves.<ul data-start="408" data-end="518"><li data-start="408" data-end="473">Spectroscopic Techniques: IR, MS, NIR, NMR, Raman, UV-Vis</li><li data-start="474" data-end="518">Chromatograms &amp; Molecular Structures</li></ul><h3 data-start="520" data-end="542">Key Features</h3>Eliminate the need for multiple software packages—KnowItAll combines powerful tools in one intuitive interface for seamless transitions between tasks.<ul data-start="701" data-end="998"><li data-start="701" data-end="750">Comprehensive Spectrum &amp; Mixture Analysis</li><li data-start="751" data-end="799">Database Management &amp; Advanced Searching</li><li data-start="800" data-end="863">Structure Drawing &amp; Professional Reporting (ChemWindow)</li><li data-start="864" data-end="907">Spectrum Processing &amp; Deconvolution</li><li data-start="908" data-end="956">Extensive Spectral Library Subscriptions</li><li data-start="957" data-end="998">Quantitative Analysis Module</li><li data-start="1030" data-end="1072">IR/Raman functional group analysis</li><li data-start="1073" data-end="1128">MS reverse &amp; adaptive search (patente)</li><li data-start="1129" data-end="1174">Automated MS deconvolution &amp; analysis</li><li data-start="1175" data-end="1212">NMR chemical shift prediction</li></ul><h4>What’s Included?</h4><h5>Data Toolbox</h5><ul data-start="1264" data-end="1540"><li data-start="1264" data-end="1318">ID Expert™ – One-click spectral identification</li><li data-start="1319" data-end="1411">SearchIt™ – Advanced database search with mixture analysis &amp; multi-technique support</li><li data-start="1412" data-end="1470">MineIt™ – Spectral database creation &amp; data mining</li><li data-start="1471" data-end="1540">QC Expert™ – Quality control for IR, Raman, and Chromatograms</li></ul><h5>Spectral Processing Toolbox</h5><ul data-start="1581" data-end="1716"><li data-start="1581" data-end="1652">MS Expert™ – GC-MS deconvolution with automated database search</li><li data-start="1653" data-end="1716">ProcessIt™ – Spectrum processing for IR, MS, NMR, Raman</li></ul><h5>Spectral Analysis Toolbox</h5><ul data-start="1755" data-end="1882"><li data-start="1755" data-end="1827">AnalyzeIt™ – Functional group analysis for IR, Raman, &amp; polymers</li><li data-start="1828" data-end="1882">PredictIt™ NMR – NMR chemical shift prediction</li></ul><h5>Basics Toolbox</h5><ul data-start="1910" data-end="2115"><li data-start="1910" data-end="1965">ChemWindow – Full-featured 2D structure drawing</li><li data-start="1966" data-end="2049">ReportIt™ – Professional reporting for structures, spectra, &amp; chromatograms</li><li data-start="2050" data-end="2115">BrowseIt™ – Web portal with KnowItAll resources &amp; updates</li><li data-start="2050" data-end="2115">Optional Quantitation Module - Enhance GC-MS, IR, Raman, UV-Vis, and GC workflows with integrated quantification.</li></ul><h5>Access High-Quality Spectral Libraries</h5><ul><li>Subscribe to Wiley’s industry-leading IR, MS, NMR, Raman, and UV-Vis spectral databases for optimal analytical accuracy.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Wiley_Wiley_Know_It_All_Analytical_Edition_Software_Know_It_All_Spectral_Libraries_2fdbf59fd0/Wiley-Wiley-KnowItAll-Analytical-Edition-Software-KnowItAll-Spectral-Libraries.jpg" alt="Wiley: Wiley KnowItAll Analytical Edition Software - KnowItAll Spectral Libraries" width="474" height="343"><h4>System Recommendations &amp; Compatibility</h4><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sciencesolutions.wiley.com/system-recommendations/">See system recommendations here.</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sciencesolutions.wiley.com/knowitall-supported-file-formats/">View file formats supported.</a></li></ul>*Subscription required to KnowItAll Spectral Libraries.

Wiley KnowItAll Quantitation

Streamline quantitation with Wiley KnowItAll—an integrated, vendor-neutral tool for GC-MS, IR, UV-Vis & more. Simplifies workflows and eliminates the need for multiple software tools.

<h4>Consolidate your software &amp; analytical workflow using KnowItAll’s integrated quantitation application</h4>Wiley’s KnowItAll now goes beyond substance identification to include quantitative analysis with an integrated, vendor-neutral tool, streamlining workflows and eliminating the need to juggle multiple software packages.The new Quantitation tool supports GC-MS, IR, Raman, UV-Vis, and GC data and offers intuitive, step-by-step processes for external/internal calibration and standard addition. By working within the familiar KnowItAll interface, it reduces training time and minimizes errors from manual tools like Excel.Available as an option in KnowItAll and included in Campus-Wide subscriptions, the tool is also VPAT 508 accessible.

Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database Collection

Unlock a broader spectrum of possibilities with Wiley SmartSpectra Databases, enhancing your chemical compound coverage to ensure more accurate and comprehensive unknown identification.

<blockquote>Unlock a broader spectrum of possibilities with Wiley SmartSpectra Databases, enhancing your chemical compound coverage to ensure more accurate and comprehensive unknown identification.More information on the Wiley Science Solutions website: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sciencesolutions.wiley.com/solutions/technique/raman/wiley-smartspectra-raman-database-collection/">Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database Collection</a></blockquote>The Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database Collection offers access to 33,163 high-quality spectra for identifying unknown compounds and enhancing analytical workflows. Built on Wiley’s trusted databases, it ensures scientifically sound results.<h5>Key Benefits:</h5><ul data-start="276" data-end="738" data-is-only-node="" data-is-last-node=""><li data-start="276" data-end="352">Aids in identifying rare compounds when empirical databases lack matches</li><li data-start="353" data-end="438">Supports functional group classification, excelling with rigid structures</li><li data-start="439" data-end="530">Derived from Wiley’s high-quality empirical datasets, including Sadtler spectra</li><li data-start="531" data-end="599">Covers a wide range of compound classes for diverse applications</li><li data-start="600" data-end="689">Includes metadata (physical properties, chemical structures) for precise searches</li><li data-start="690" data-end="738" data-is-last-node="">Validated by Subject Matter Experts (SMEs)</li></ul><h4>So, just how much can the SmartSpectra database expand your compound coverage?</h4>The SmartSpectra database accelerates spectral identification by expanding chemical compound coverage. As shown, SmartSpectra data (red) extends the chemical space of the empirical dataset (blue), significantly increasing compound coverage.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Wiley_Wiley_Smart_Spectra_Raman_Database_Collection_Wiley_Raman_empirical_data_only_blue_Smart_Spectra_Raman_data_included_red_da42d540b6.jpg" alt="Wiley: Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database Collection - Wiley Raman empirical data only (blue), SmartSpectra Raman data included (red)."><h4>Applications</h4>Use the SmartSpectra collection with empirical databases for Raman spectroscopy.<h4>Trusted Data</h4>Wiley is a leading source for spectral data. Its Sadtler databases undergo rigorous quality protocols, from data acquisition to database development. All partner data is thoroughly vetted before inclusion.<blockquote>KnowItAll is a trademark of John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. in certain jurisdictions.Subscription content is subject to change as data may be added or deleted from collections periodically.</blockquote><h3>Databases Included</h3>Subscription includes access to 11 databases including:<ul><li>Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database of General Compounds (24,585 spectra)</li><li>Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database of Biochemicals (59 spectra)</li><li>Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database of Chemical Standards (6,458 spectra)</li><li>Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database of Drugs (130 spectra)</li><li>Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database of Dyes (36 spectra)</li><li>Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database of Explosives and Hazmat Compounds (51 spectra)</li><li>Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database of Food Related Compounds (277 spectra)</li><li>Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database of Hydrocarbons (527 spectra)</li><li>Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database of Industrial Compounds (439 spectra)</li><li>Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database of Pollutants (449 spectra)</li><li>Wiley SmartSpectra Raman Database of Monomers (152 spectra)</li></ul><h3>Additional information</h3>This SmartSpectra library contains the following valuable metadata to help you narrow and refine your search results:<ul><li>Chemical Structure</li><li>Chemical Name</li><li>Exact Mass</li><li>Formula</li><li>IUPAC InChI/InChIKey</li><li>Molecular Weight</li><li>Nominal mass</li><li>Spectrum/Structure Validation Score</li></ul><h3>Compatibility</h3><ul><li>Recommended as a supplement to the KnowItAll IR Spectral Library collection of curated empirical data.</li><li>For use with KnowItAll 2024 software.</li><li>KnowItAll software is compatible with most major instrument formats. For full KnowItAll file format compatibility information, please visit <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://sciencesolutions.wiley.com/compatibility/">sciencesolutions.wiley.com/compatibility</a>.</li></ul>

Linde REDLINE Pressure Regulators C 200/1 & C 200/2

REDLINE C 200 pressure regulators provide precise and stable gas control up to 6.0 purity, ideal for laboratory, analytical, and research applications.

The REDLINE C 200 series pressure regulators (models C 200/1 single-stage and C 200/2 dual-stage) are designed for precise control of non-corrosive gases with purity levels up to 6.0 (99.9999%), as well as gas mixtures containing low concentrations of corrosive components.These regulators ensure excellent pressure stability, high accuracy, and preservation of gas purity, making them ideal for demanding laboratory, analytical, and research applications.The C 200/1 single-stage version is suitable for applications with stable inlet pressure, such as gases supplied in liquid phase. The C 200/2 dual-stage version is specifically designed for systems where inlet pressure fluctuates, ensuring highly stable outlet pressure even under changing conditions.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>High precision pressure regulation for analytical applications</li><li>Suitable for high-purity gases up to grade 6.0 (99.9999%)</li><li>Excellent outlet pressure stability (especially dual-stage version)</li><li>Designed to maintain gas purity and minimize contamination</li><li>Wide range of configurable outlet pressure ranges</li><li>Flexible configuration with multiple valve and purging options</li><li>Robust and reliable design for laboratory and R&amp;D environments</li></ul><h4>Technical Specifications</h4><ul><li>Inlet pressure: up to 230 bar</li><li>Outlet pressure ranges:<ul><li>C 200/1 (single-stage): 3 / 6 / 10 / 14 / 16 / 28 / 35 / 50 / 100 / 200 bar</li><li>C 200/2 (dual-stage): 1 / 3 / 6 / 10 / 14 bar</li></ul></li><li>Gas compatibility:<ul><li>Non-corrosive gases up to purity 6.0</li><li>Gas mixtures with low corrosive content</li></ul></li><li>Inlet connections:<ul><li>According to DIN 477 and gas specification</li></ul></li><li>Outlet connections:<ul><li>Compression fittings</li><li>Hose nozzles</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Available Configurations</h4><h5>Models</h5><ul><li>C 200/1 (Single-stage) Designed for applications with stable inlet pressure</li><li>C 200/2 (Dual-stage) Designed for fluctuating inlet pressure with maximum outlet stability</li></ul><h4>Optional Equipment</h4><ul><li>Shut-off valve (Type A)</li><li>Needle valve (Type B)</li><li>High-pressure side purge (Type P)</li><li>Inert/external gas purge (Type TP)</li><li>Purge manifold (Type EP)</li><li>Post-purge (Type DP – available only for C 200/2)</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4><ul><li>Laboratory gas supply systems</li><li>Analytical instrumentation (e.g., GC, LC, MS workflows)</li><li>Research and development environments</li><li>High-purity gas distribution systems</li><li>Any application requiring stable pressure and contamination-free gas delivery</li></ul>

Linde REDLINE Pressure Regulators C 300/1 & C 300/2

REDLINE C 300 pressure regulators provide precise and stable gas control up to 6.0 purity, ensuring reliability for laboratory, analytical, and research applications.

The REDLINE C 300 series pressure regulators (models C 300/1 single-stage and C 300/2 dual-stage) are designed for precise control of non-corrosive gases with purity levels up to 6.0 (99.9999%), as well as gas mixtures containing low concentrations of corrosive components.Thanks to their robust design and high-quality manufacturing, these regulators provide excellent pressure stability, accuracy, and long-term reliability. They are particularly well suited for demanding laboratory, analytical, and research applications where maintaining gas purity and consistent pressure is critical.The C 300/1 single-stage regulator is recommended for applications with relatively stable inlet pressure, such as gases supplied in liquid phase. The C 300/2 dual-stage version is intended for systems with fluctuating inlet pressure, ensuring highly stable outlet pressure and improved control under varying operating conditions.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Precise and stable pressure regulation for analytical workflows</li><li>Compatible with high-purity gases up to grade 6.0 (99.9999%)</li><li>Dual-stage version provides superior outlet pressure stability</li><li>Designed to maintain gas purity and minimize contamination risks</li><li>Wide range of adjustable outlet pressure settings</li><li>Modular design with multiple optional valve and purge configurations</li><li>High reliability for continuous laboratory and R&amp;D operation</li></ul><h4>Technical Specifications</h4><ul><li>Inlet pressure: up to 300 bar</li><li>Outlet pressure ranges:<ul><li>C 300/1 (single-stage): 3 / 6 / 10 / 14 / 16 / 28 / 35 / 50 / 100 / 200 bar</li><li>C 300/2 (dual-stage): 1 / 3 / 6 / 10 / 14 bar</li></ul></li><li>Gas compatibility:<ul><li>Non-corrosive gases up to purity 6.0</li><li>Gas mixtures with low corrosive content</li></ul></li><li>Inlet connections:<ul><li>According to DIN 477 and gas specification</li></ul></li><li>Outlet connections:<ul><li>Compression fittings</li><li>Hose nozzles</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Available Configurations</h4><h5>Models</h5><ul><li>C 300/1 (Single-stage) Designed for applications with stable inlet pressure</li><li>C 300/2 (Dual-stage) Designed for fluctuating inlet pressure with maximum outlet pressure stability</li></ul><h4>Optional Equipment</h4><ul><li>Shut-off valve (Type A)</li><li>Needle valve (Type B)</li><li>High-pressure side purge (Type P)</li><li>Inert gas purge (Type TP)</li><li>Purge manifold (Type EP)</li><li>Post-purge (Type DP – available only for C 300/2)</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4><ul><li>Analytical instrumentation (e.g., GC, LC, MS systems)</li><li>Laboratory gas supply systems</li><li>Research and development environments</li><li>High-purity gas distribution systems</li><li>Applications requiring precise pressure control and contamination-free gas delivery</li></ul>

Linde Hydrogen 3.0 – Gas Cylinder

Linde hydrogen 3.0 for industrial applications. High thermal conductivity, clean combustion, and reliable performance for welding, cutting, and energy use.

Hydrogen 3.0 from Linde is a technical-grade gas designed for a wide range of industrial applications, particularly in welding, cutting, and energy processes. Its exceptionally high thermal conductivity and excellent thermophysical properties make it highly effective for heat transfer and combustion applications.Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that burns with an invisible flame. When combined with oxygen, it reaches very high flame temperatures. Its combustion produces no carbon or soot, ensuring clean processes without contamination.The gas is supplied in pressurized cylinders, enabling safe storage and convenient handling in industrial environments.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>High thermal conductivity</li><li>Clean combustion without carbon or soot</li><li>Colorless, odorless, and tasteless</li><li>Efficient heat transfer properties</li><li>Suitable for industrial and energy applications</li><li>Supplied in pressurized cylinders</li></ul><h4>Technical Specifications</h4><ul><li>Gas: Hydrogen (H₂)</li><li>Purity: 3.0 (≥ 99.9%)</li><li>Supply form: pressurized steel cylinder (50 l, 200 bar)</li><li>Flammability: highly flammable gas</li><li>Flame: invisible, up to approx. 2,834 °C with oxygen</li><li>Properties: colorless, odorless, tasteless</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4><ul><li>Shielding gas mixtures for TIG and plasma welding</li><li>Welding of stainless steels and nickel alloys</li><li>Plasma cutting of stainless steel and aluminum</li><li>Underwater cutting (in mixture with oxygen)</li><li>Energy generation applications</li><li>Glass industry (glass melting processes)</li></ul>

Linde Hydrogen 4.0 – Gas Cylinder

Linde hydrogen 4.0 (≥99.99%) for analytical and industrial use. High purity and stable performance for GC, welding, and energy applications.

Hydrogen 4.0 from Linde is a high-purity gas (≥ 99.99%) suitable for a wide range of analytical and industrial applications. Its excellent thermophysical properties make it highly effective for combustion, heat transfer, and analytical processes.Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that burns with an invisible flame. When combined with oxygen, it produces very high flame temperatures. Its clean combustion produces no carbon or soot, ensuring contamination-free processes.Compared to technical-grade hydrogen (3.0), hydrogen 4.0 offers higher purity, making it suitable for more demanding applications, including gas chromatography and laboratory analyses. It is supplied in pressurized cylinders for safe and convenient use.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>High purity ≥ 99.99%</li><li>Excellent thermophysical properties</li><li>Clean combustion without carbon or soot</li><li>Colorless, odorless, and tasteless</li><li>Suitable for analytical and industrial applications</li><li>Supplied in pressurized gas cylinders</li></ul><h4>Technical Specifications</h4><ul><li>Gas: Hydrogen (H₂)</li><li>Purity: ≥ 99.99% (4.0)</li><li>Supply form: pressurized steel cylinder</li><li>Flammability: highly flammable gas</li><li>Flame: invisible, up to approx. 2,834 °C with oxygen</li><li>Properties: colorless, odorless, tasteless</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4><ul><li>Oxy-fuel welding of noble and non-ferrous metals</li><li>Quartz and glass processing</li><li>Reducing agent in chemistry and metallurgy</li><li>Generator cooling</li><li>Gas chromatography (carrier gas)</li><li>Flame ionization detectors (FID)</li><li>Food industry applications</li><li>Alternative fuel</li></ul>

Linde Hydrogen 5.0 – Gas Cylinder

Linde hydrogen 5.0 (≥99.999%) for GC and high-end applications. Maximum purity and stable performance for analytical and industrial use.

Hydrogen 5.0 from Linde is an ultra-high purity gas (≥ 99.999%) designed for the most demanding analytical and laboratory applications, as well as selected industrial processes. Its extremely low impurity levels make it ideal for gas chromatography and other techniques sensitive to gas quality.Hydrogen offers outstanding thermophysical properties, ensuring efficient heat transfer and high combustion efficiency. It burns with an invisible flame and produces no carbon or soot, enabling clean, contamination-free processes.Due to its exceptional purity, hydrogen 5.0 is the preferred choice for laboratory analysis, calibration, and applications requiring maximum reproducibility. It is supplied in pressurized cylinders for safe and flexible use.<h4>Key Features</h4><ul><li>Ultra-high purity ≥ 99.999%</li><li>Minimal impurities for analytical applications</li><li>Excellent thermophysical properties</li><li>Clean combustion without carbon or soot</li><li>Colorless, odorless, and tasteless</li><li>Ideal for GC, FID, and sensitive analytical workflows</li></ul><h4>Technical Specifications</h4><ul><li>Gas: Hydrogen (H₂)</li><li>Purity: ≥ 99.999% (5.0)</li><li>Supply form: pressurized steel cylinder</li><li>Flammability: highly flammable gas</li><li>Flame: invisible, up to approx. 2,834 °C with oxygen</li><li>Properties: colorless, odorless, tasteless</li></ul><h4>Applications</h4><ul><li>Gas chromatography (carrier gas)</li><li>Flame ionization detectors (FID)</li><li>Analytical instruments and calibration</li><li>Oxy-fuel welding and metal processing</li><li>Quartz glass processing</li><li>Chemical and metallurgical applications (reducing agent)</li><li>Reactor cooling</li><li>Glass fiber production</li><li>Meteorology (balloon gas)</li><li>Alternative fuel</li></ul>

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