This study examines the combustion behavior of B4C/Bi2O3 pyrotechnic delay compositions as sustainable alternatives to conventional materials. Thermodynamic modeling and experimental testing were used to evaluate the influence of compaction pressure, particle size, and granule size on burning performance.Results showed that increased compaction reduced burning rates by lowering porosity and shifting combustion from convective to conductive mechanisms. Residue and gas analyses supported a multistage reaction pathway, demonstrating the potential of B4C/Bi2O3 formulations for environmentally improved pyrotechnic applications.<blockquote><h4>The original article</h4><h4><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964">Sustainable Pyrotechnics: Combustion Behavior of B4C/Bi2O3 for Delay Compositions</a></h4>Danillo F. Vianna Cantini, Vojtěch Pelikán*, Eva Schmidová, Jiří PachmanACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964</a><h6>licensed under <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY 4.0</a></h6></blockquote>Selected sections from the article follow. Formats and hyperlinks were adapted from the original.<div>Pyrotechnic delay compositions are formulations designed to create a specific delay time, determined primarily by their burning rate. These compositions are essential in timing energetic events and are used extensively in both civilian and military applications. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> This broad usage leads to diverse motivations for studying such materials. In civilian contexts, such as mining, the focus is typically on safety and cost-effectiveness. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2)</a> For military purposes, reliability and precision are key factors, often with stringent performance requirements. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(3)</a>Pyrotechnic delay compositions are classified based on their combustion behavior into gassy or gasless types. In confined, sealed and obturated environments, gasless compositions are favored, to avoid gas buildup. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,4)</a> However, in unconfined or vented systems, gassy compositions are not problematic. For example, in fireworks, where combustion gases freely dissipate, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> or in vented housings like hand grenades or signaling devices, gassy delays are acceptable. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6)</a>In gassy compositions, the burning rate is influenced by the loading (or consolidation) pressure. Hot gases generated by the chemical reaction penetrate gas channels (voids) in the material, igniting unreacted material through a process known as convective heating. As loading pressure increases, these voids are gradually reduced, which diminishes convection and subsequently lowers the burning rate. In contrast, for gasless compositions, burning is driven by conductive heating, where heat is transferred through direct particle-to-particle contact, leading to the opposite effect. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(7−9)</a>Historically, up until World War II, black powder served as the foundation for most delay elements. Nowadays, it continues to be utilized for this function and others, but on smaller scales. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1)</a> Some more recent and traditional formulations for pyrotechnic compositions include fuels like silicon, boron, tungsten, zinc, iron, zirconium, and manganese. Examples of these are Si/Pb3O4, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8,10)</a> B/BaCrO4 <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a>, W/BaCrO4/KClO4, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,6,11)</a> Zn/PbO2, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(12)</a> Fe/BaO2, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(13)</a> Zr/KClO4, <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a> and Mn/PbCrO4/BaCrO4. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(14)</a>Currently, researchers are actively developing several new formulations for pyrotechnic delays. One of the main motivations for this is the need to transform these compositions into “greener” ones. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,2)</a> This means that compositions that could cause problems for the environment or human health should be avoided. To achieve this sustainability, the identification and replacement of known or potentially harmful, toxic, and carcinogenic compounds is vital. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(10)</a> Heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, toxic gases, volatile organic compounds and known causers of human health problems are examples of such substances to be removed. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,5,15)</a>Specifically, there are several attempts to replace lead, barium, chromates, and perchlorates. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(15)</a> The reason is that most of the established delay formulations used today contain these substances. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(2,5)</a> Lead, barium and chromium (contained in chromates) are heavy metals and are known to cause serious health problems in human, specially to nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5,16)</a> Perchlorates are well-documented substances and are used in various pyrotechnic applications. However, they are widely recognized as contributors to thyroid issues. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a>From the above, it is clear that modern strategies in pyrotechnics are increasingly focused on developing new materials that prioritize both efficiency and sustainability. This shift imposes numerous restrictions, meaning that formulations must be designed with precise planning and thorough investigation to meet both performance and environmental standards.Boron could be considered the ideal fuel for pyrotechnic reactions due to its high energy content. However, it presents combustion issues for its limited reactivity due to boron oxide layer and boron agglomerates formation upon heating. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17)</a> The boron oxide layer acts as a barrier, hindering oxygen (O) diffusion and consequently limiting the oxidation of boron. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18)</a>Boron carbide (B4C) is a natural candidate for combustion processes due to its lower ignition point, which is attributed to its higher reactivity. This reactivity stems from the diffusion of carbon (C) particles, which oxidize into gaseous products. These gaseous products create diffusion channels that penetrate the boron oxide layer, breaking down the layer and agglomerates, thereby further improving the reaction. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18,19)</a> B4C presents better combustion properties, with better burning stability and reliable self-propagation, resulting in better combustion efficiency. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(17)</a>Bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3) is an attractive oxidizer for pyrotechnic delay compositions due to several advantageous properties. Its high oxygen content and efficient oxygen release facilitate sustained combustion, while its favorable thermal properties, including a relatively low melting and decomposition temperature, ensure that oxygen is available at precisely the right moment to support a controlled reaction. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(20)</a> Additionally, Bi2O3 high density allows for compact formulations, promoting consistent and reliable burn rates. Also, it has a low heat of formation (approximately −582 kJ/mol), which is crucial to minimize the energy required to initiate its decomposition. This enhances the overall reaction efficiency, allowing Bi2O3 to rapidly release oxygen without consuming excessive energy, thus ensuring sustainable and stable combustion. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(8)</a>In addition to their technical advantages, Bi2O3 and B4C offer a significant environmental benefit: they are considered more eco-friendly compared to other materials commonly used in pyrotechnic compositions. Bi2O3 serves as a less toxic alternative to traditional oxidizers like lead-based compounds, reducing the risk of environmental contamination and exposure to harmful heavy metals. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(1,8,16)</a> Similarly, B4C contributes to cleaner combustion, producing fewer pollutants and minimizing the environmental impact. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(5)</a> This makes both materials not only effective but also greener choices for sustainable pyrotechnic applications.<h4>2. Experimental Section</h4><h5>2.8. Material Characterization</h5>Particle and granule size distribution were measured with a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 (Malvern Panalytical). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was carried out with a TESCAN MIRA (TESCAN) to examine morphology and confirm particle size. A 40 cm3 combustion chamber was used to analyze pressure profile, quantify solid residues, and collect combustion gases for further analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed using a <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2392">Nicolet iS50 FT-IR</a> (Thermo Scientific) and standardized nitrogen (N2) background to identify gas-phase products. Thermal stability and water content assessments were conducted using TGA (NETZSCH TG 209 F3 Tarsus) and DSC (NETZSCH DSC 200 F3 Maia). Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was performed using a Bruker Quantax 200 (Bruker) for semiquantitative chemical composition analysis of the combustion residues. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed using a Rigaku MiniFlex diffractometer for complementary phase identification, while surface chemical states were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using a Scienta Omicron ESCA2SR system.<h4>3. Results and Discussion</h4><h5>3.7. FTIR Analysis of Combustion Gases</h5><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig10">Figure 10</a> compares the FTIR spectra of combustion chamber gases from stoichiometric (blue) and fuel-rich (red) tests, highlighting CO and CO2 as the main species, consistent with Horiuchi. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(18)</a> Normalizing their absorbance to concentration using standard references yielded CO2/CO ratios of 0.67 (stoichiometric) and 0.34 (fuel-rich). However, a quantitative analysis is approximate and inherently imprecise, as potential contamination during gas collection and measurement could affect the results, given the challenge of maintaining a completely controlled internal atmosphere. A small fraction of hydrocarbon species (e.g., CH4, C2H4, and C2H2) was also identified in both samples.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_10_Comparative_FTIR_spectra_of_combustion_gas_compositions_in_a_combustion_chamber_ac7b7daf84.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 10. Comparative FTIR spectra of combustion gas compositions in a combustion chamber." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_10_Comparative_FTIR_spectra_of_combustion_gas_compositions_in_a_combustion_chamber_ac7b7daf84.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1956" height="989">While experimental results indicate a higher CO2 presence than predicted, the overall trend aligns with expectations─higher fuel content shifts combustion products toward less oxidized species. Notably, the identified gaseous products are relatively simple and exhibit low toxicity compared to halogenated or metal-containing species commonly found in traditional pyrotechnic formulations, supporting the potential of this system as a more environmentally friendly alternative.Since the reaction involves both condensed-phase reactants and products, characterizing the solid residues is essential to evaluate the extent of reaction and gain insight into the actual progression of the reaction pathway. For this, SEM imaging and EDS analysis were employed to investigate the morphology and elemental composition of the combustion residues.<h5>3.8. SEM and EDS of Burning Residues</h5><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a> presents the SEM analysis of solid residues from the combustion of B4. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964/suppl_file/ao5c10964_si_001.pdf">Figure S5</a> exhibits images of the other samples. <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a>a shows the top view of the burned delay element, revealing the distribution of residues across the surface, while <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig11">Figure 11</a>b provides a magnified view of a region rich in bright spherical structures. These spheres are likely bismuth that transitioned through a liquid or gaseous phase during the reaction and solidified upon cooling. This phenomenon of spherical formation due to phase transition is well-documented in the literature. <a href="javascript:void(0);">(33)</a><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_11_SEM_analysis_of_B4_after_burning_8fc7a8f520.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 11. SEM analysis of B4 after burning: (a) top view (50 ×) of the burned delay element showing the distribution of solid residues across the surface; (b) magnified view (1 k×) of a region rich in bright spherical structures." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_11_SEM_analysis_of_B4_after_burning_8fc7a8f520.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="2092" height="831"><h5>3.10. Surface Chemistry of Combustion Residues (XPS)</h5>Survey spectrum scans identified the main photoelectron lines corresponding to carbon, oxygen, boron, and bismuth. High-resolution scans for the O 1s, C 1s, B 1s, and Bi 4f regions of B4 are presented in <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.5c10964#fig19">Figure 19</a>, allowing detailed peak deconvolution and chemical assignment.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_19_XPS_high_resolution_spectra_of_O_1s_C_1s_B_1s_and_Bi_4f_regions_for_B4_5c6064d013.jpg" alt="ACS Omega 2026, 11, 3, 4668–4683: Figure 19. XPS high-resolution spectra of O 1s, C 1s, B 1s, and Bi 4f regions for B4." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_ACS_Omega_2026_11_3_4668_4683_Figure_19_XPS_high_resolution_spectra_of_O_1s_C_1s_B_1s_and_Bi_4f_regions_for_B4_5c6064d013.jpg 214w," sizes="100vw" width="2049" height="1498">The analysis confirmed B2O3 as a major surface product and indicated the presence of unreacted B4C in the B4 sample through B–C bonds. sp2 carbon was also detected in B4, suggesting possible graphite formation, as predicted in thermodynamic calculations. A2 showed more Bi3+ than B4, supporting that the stoichiometric composition had more residual Bi2O3, while the fuel-rich B4 sample promoted greater reduction to Bi0. The presence of Bi3+ on the surface observed may result from postcombustion reoxidation of Bi0. These results reinforce the proposed reaction pathway and the role of fuel excess in enhancing reaction completeness. In this analysis, the B 1s spectrum further confirms the absence of BN by the lack of B–N peaks, consistent with the EDS results, which also revealed no detectable nitrogen signal.All experimental findings contribute to the fundamental understanding of boron carbide and bismuth oxide reactions under both basic and applied conditions, particularly in delay compositions. These results provide new insights into the reaction pathway and the underlying combustion mechanism.<h4>4. Conclusions</h4>Stoichiometric formulations of B4C/Bi2O3, which ignited when not pressed, failed to burn after being lightly compacted; a fuel-rich composition is necessary to ensure combustion. The fuel-rich compositions ignited readily and maintained combustion without quenching. Water facilitated the granulation process and improved the final composition. With increasing loading pressure, burning rates decrease due to reduced convective heat transfer, leading the combustion process to transition toward a conductive regime. Particle size also impacted combustion, particularly with larger Bi2O3 particles, which influenced the combustion profile up to a certain threshold. Additionally, the granule size of the final composition was found to alter the burning behavior, with larger granules promoting faster combustion at lower pressures.Thermodynamic calculations provided an initial insight into the reaction process. The findings show that the reaction progresses through distinct stages: starting in a solid–solid preignition phase, transitioning to a solid–liquid phase as components melt, and culminating in a gas phase marked by significant product volatilization, illustrating a complete combustion evolution.FTIR analysis confirmed that the main gaseous products are CO and CO2, indicating reduced environmental toxicity. Elemental and phase analyses confirmed that the reaction followed the expected pathway, with Bi and B2O3 as the predominant products. No Bi2O3 was detected by XRD, indicating that the oxidizer was fully consumed in the bulk. Morphological analysis of the products suggests that, upon cooling, bismuth solidifies into small metallic spheres, while surface analysis indicates that B2O3 remains predominantly in the outer layer. Altogether, the results are consistent and complementary, reinforcing the reliability and scientific rigor of the study.All these observations accentuate the necessity of conducting experiments under application-specific conditions. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the combustion dynamics of low toxicity B4C/Bi2O3 mixtures but also underscore their potential for practical applications requiring precise delay times and environmental sustainability. The successful use of water as a green solvent further highlights the viability of developing sustainable pyrotechnic compositions. This research advances the field by providing valuable insights into optimizing performance while minimizing environmental impact through careful material selection and process control.</div>

Sustainable Pyrotechnics: Combustion Behavior of B4C/Bi2O3 for Delay Compositions

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Routine chemical analysis typically involves several steps, e.g. selection of procedure, sampling, sample preparation, measurement, result calculation, uncertainty estimation, and reporting to customer. Based on the result, important decisions and actions are taken. The steps before and after the measurement are often referred to as “pre- and post-analytical”. There are many sources of uncertainty associated with this work, some of which can actually limit the overall quality.&nbsp;Proficiency testing (PT) and external quality assessment (EQA) schemes are effective means of assessing the quality of routine analyses. However, if there are specific procedures, either before or after the measurement, which are applied to the routine samples, but not to the PT test sample, the result reflects only the quality of part of the measurement process. Pre- and post-analytical PT/ EQA schemes are already widely used in laboratory medicine. The standard ISO 15189, that underpins accreditation of medical laboratories, stresses that EQA schemes should “... have the effect of checking the entire process including pre- and post-examination procedures ...”&nbsp;The examples in this leaflet illustrate the potential and importance of pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA. They are intended as an inspiration for the providers to further develop their external quality control activities.<h4>Pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA – a means for harmonisation&nbsp;</h4>By illustrating, e.g. lack of adherence to guidelines, or variation in sample preparation, or inconsistency in interpretation, pre- and post-analytical PT/EQA schemes pinpoint problems not apparent in other schemes. This may lead to improved harmonisation and changes to guidelines and standards.<h4>Example 1: Interpreting clinical chemistry information&nbsp;</h4>Patient background information together with analytical results can be used to check agreement of interpretational advice given by medical doctors. This type of scheme can, therefore, include both pre- and post-analytical aspects. The provider, e.g. through an expert group, ranks the quality of participants’ response and suggestions, and presents them in the report with comments.<h4>Example 2: Sampling requests in microbiology&nbsp;</h4>Using the scenario of food poisoning, pre- &amp; post-analytical aspects of sampling requests in a microbiology scheme can be highlighted. The provider gives information about food type, symptoms, and incubation time with a simulated sample. Participants choose which organism(s) to test for. The associated laboratory work involves examination of samples, report on method(s) of choice and results. Participants could, e.g. be asked to specify which toxins or pathogens are likely to cause the food poisoning and state whether or not they will disseminate information, e.g. to hospitals or food suppliers. The feedback report would then show the results of each participant together with the comments of the provider.&nbsp;<h4>Example 3: Toy testing&nbsp;</h4>Faulty design, usage and chance play a role in injury and death incidents related to children’s toys. Toy safety is the practice of ensuring that toys are safe, usually through the application of set safety standards. The PT provider sources a toy, performs visual assessment of its homogeneity, and distributes the samples. Participants are requested to assess the toy against the European standard EN 71 and they have to decide which clauses of the standard apply. The clauses chosen define the test(s) to be carried out. The feedback report will contain a “model answer” including clauses, tests and labeling requirements (when applicable).&nbsp;<h4>Example 4: Monitoring drinking water quality&nbsp;</h4>A post-analytical application can be underpinned by legislation and national regulations (Directive 98/83/EC). Participants receive a synthetic drinking water sample with properties close to one or more limiting values. They are requested to deliver results, uncertainties and a “pass/fail” recommendation to the customer. The recommendations of the provider are listed in the feedback report for educational purposes. Information can be fed back also to regulators to serve, e.g. as basis for further discussions.&nbsp;<blockquote><h5>More information / further reading&nbsp;</h5>Information about PT providers and schemes can be obtained from your national accreditation body, from the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.eptis.org/">EPTIS website</a> or from other national or international organisations.</blockquote>

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BET surface area of excipients and APIs plays a vital role in determining dissolution rates of tablets and capsules. Understanding the surface area helps decode issues related to dissolution rate failures and reduces time lost to trial and error. Learn how to comply with USP 846 (specific surface area, ultra-low surface area samples) using nitrogen instead of expensive krypton.<blockquote>Presenter: Robin IsyasDr. Robin Isyas is the Global Product Manager at Anton Paar and is based in Boynton Beach Florida USA. He has a diverse experience of 20 years in the industry. After his Ph.D. in UV Vis Spectroscopy, he worked as a research scientist in the Pharmaceutical industry. With a successful stint in research, he moved to the Analytical instrumentation industry where he held multiple leadership roles in Sales, Marketing, and Product Management. In his current role as Global Product Manager, he is responsible for developing new technologies in the field of Surface Area and Pores by working in collaboration with different industries like Pharmaceuticals, Cement, Food, Cosmetics, EV Battery, Carbon, Catalyst etc. &nbsp;</blockquote>

Anton Paar: BET surface area measurement of excipients and its impact on dissolution rates

BET surface area measurement of excipients and its impact on dissolution rates

Learn how to comply with USP 846 (specific surface area, ultra-low surface area samples) using nitrogen instead of expensive krypton.

BET surface area measurement of excipients

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Anton Paar: Anton Paar Battery Days Webinar

Anton Paar Battery Days Webinar

Learn how to characterize material properties and apply the results to optimize your manufacturing process.

<div>The Pipkin Map is a foundational tool of the rheologist to separately consider effects of timescale and forcing strength [1-3]. This talk will describe how to use the Pipkin Map to understand test conditions on an instrument, relate those test conditions to processing-relevant time scales and forcing strengths, and understand the limits of the linear viscoelastic regime across a wide range of timescales (Deborah number). The forcing strength can be represented as either a strain, strain rate, or stress magnitude.&nbsp;This talk will outline options for dimensionless groups for this axis including but not limited to the Weissenberg number, Plasticity number, Capillary number, and Mnemosyne number. All these dimensionless numbers are subsets of the broader concept of a dimensionless quantity comparing a characteristic strength of deformation to a critical forcing strength for material nonlinearity to appear. In practice, the linear limit is often defined by a subjective threshold of nonlinear emergence. A more rigorous definition, independent of this subjective threshold, will be described, which is most clearly revealed from oscillatory deformation known as medium-amplitude oscillatory shear (MAOS) that independently controls the forcing timescale and amplitude [4-5]. Recent work with stress-controlled MAOS has revealed that stress is a more fundamental measure of nonlinearity strength across a wide range of Deborah number, challenging prior perspectives which have generally fixated on using strain or strain rate to understand the limit of the linear viscoelastic regime [5].REFERENCES:<ul><li>[1] Pipkin, A. C., Lectures on Viscoelasticity Theory. Springer (1972) <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1078-8</a></li><li>[2] Corman, R. E., and R. H. Ewoldt, “Mapping linear viscoelasticity for design and tactile intuition,” Applied Rheology (2019). <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1515/arh-2019-0013</a></li><li>[3] Ewoldt, R.H. and G. H. McKinley, “Mapping thixo-elasto-visco-plastic behavior,” Rheologica Acta (2017). <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-017-1001-8</a></li><li>[4] Ewoldt, R. H. and N. A. Bharadwaj, “Low-dimensional intrinsic material functions for nonlinear viscoelasticity,” Rheologica Acta (2013). <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-013-0686-6</a></li><li>[5] Ramwali, N., M. T. Hossain, A. Shetty, and R. H. Ewoldt, “Stress-controlled medium-amplitude oscillatory shear (MAOStress) of PVA-Borax,” Journal of Rheology (2024) <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1122/8.0000843</a></li></ul><blockquote>Presenter: Randy H. EwoldtRandy H. Ewoldt earned his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from MIT in 2009. He then spent two years as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Minnesota in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications. In 2011, he joined the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), where he holds the Alexander Rankin Professorship in the Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering. He is known for his expertise in rheology, including new measurement methods and techniques for avoiding bad data, and regularly teaches short courses in the USA and Europe. He is the winner of numerous awards for his science, writing, and teaching accomplishments including the Metzner Award from the Society of Rheology in 2014, the PECASE award from President Barack Obama in 2017, the Society of Rheology Publication Award in 2021, and a multitude of teaching awards at UIUC.</blockquote></div>

Anton Paar: Navigating the Pipkin Map: route planning and the edge of linearity

Navigating the Pipkin Map: route planning and the edge of linearity

This talk will describe how to use the Pipkin Map to understand test conditions on an instrument.

Navigating the Pipkin Map: the edge of linearity

RheoCompass™&nbsp;Essentials is a comprehensive online course tailored for individuals who are new to RheoCompass™, the powerful software tool used to set-up, perform and interpret analysis with Rheometers from Anton Paar. This training program is designed to assist new users with the fundamental knowledge and skills required to efficiently navigate and utilize RheoCompass™ for various applications.Course highlights:<ul><li>Overview of RheoCompass™ software and its capabilities.</li><li>Becoming familiar with the software's user-friendly interface, the navigating menus, and toolbars.</li><li>Learning how to set-up a new project and perform measurements.</li><li>Exploring the various analysis functions for interpreting rheological data, including basic rotational and oscillatory techniques.</li><li>Live Q&amp;A</li></ul><blockquote>Presenter: James P. Eickhoff Jr.James Eickhoff is the principal application engineer for the rheology division as a member of the Advanced Technical Support Center at Anton Paar USA. He has over 20 years of theoretical and experimental rheology training, including the last 17 years with Anton Paar having guided current and prospective customers on the use of rheological techniques in their industrial and academic research. James earned a Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree in Chemical Engineering from Michigan Technological University and Clemson University, respectively.</blockquote>

Anton Paar: RRheoCompass™ Essentials: An Introduction to Rheological Data Acquisition and Analysis

RheoCompass™ Essentials: An Introduction to Rheological Data Acquisition and Analysis

Fundamental knowledge and skills required to efficiently navigate and utilize RheoCompass™ for various applications.

RheoCompass™: Rheological Data Acquisition and Analysis

The Advanced RheoCompass™ software training is a comprehensive online course for advanced users with in-depth knowledge and proficiency in RheoCompass™, the powerful software tool used to set-up, perform and interpret analysis with Rheometers from Anton Paar. This training program is designed to expand the knowledge of existing users to fully utilize the software’s capabilities and functions.Course highlights:<ul><li>Advanced data analysis techniques for complex rheological data sets.</li><li>Learning how to customize and automate workflows within RheoCompass™.</li><li>Streamlining data analysis processes and enhancing productivity.</li><li>Throughout the course, participants will be exposed to best practices in rheological analysis, data interpretation, and quality assurance, drawing from real-world examples and case studies.</li><li>Participants will acquire skills to troubleshoot common issues and errors that may arise during rheological experiments, ensuring accurate and reliable results.</li><li>Live Q&amp;A</li></ul>Who should attend?This training program is ideal for professionals and researchers with prior experience in rheological testing and data analysis using RheoCompass™.&nbsp;<blockquote>Presenter: James P. Eickhoff Jr.James Eickhoff is the principal application engineer for the rheology division as a member of the Advanced Technical Support Center at Anton Paar USA. He has over 20 years of theoretical and experimental rheology training, including the last 17 years with Anton Paar having guided current and prospective customers on the use of rheological techniques in their industrial and academic research. James earned a Bachelor’s and Master’s Degree in Chemical Engineering from Michigan Technological University and Clemson University, respectively. &nbsp;</blockquote>

Anton Paar: Mastering RheoCompass™: Advanced Software Training for Proficient Rheological Analysis

Mastering RheoCompass™: Advanced Software Training for Proficient Rheological Analysis

This training program is designed to expand the knowledge of existing users to fully utilize the software’s capabilities and functions.

RheoCompass™: Advanced Training for Rheological Analysis

Direct air capture is becoming more and more critical in today’s world of rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. There has been increasing interest in removing CO2 from the atmosphere directly at any location, rather than straight at the point source. One strategy for CO2 removal is to use solid porous materials to adsorb, either physically or chemically, the CO2.In order to understand an adsorbents ability to capture CO2, the material’s structural properties, including surface area and pore size and volume, must be determined. Gas adsorption is well-suited for this characterization and the choice of adsorptive for characterization, as well as the state-of-the-art data reduction methods will be presented.Finally, gas adsorption can also be used to study a material’s ability to adsorb CO2, as well as other competing molecules such as water, at the low pressures, and sometimes low temperatures, that are applicable to direct air capture. Examples of CO2 and water isotherms at these relevant conditions will be presented.<blockquote>Presenter: Katie Cychosz StruckhoffDr. Struckhoff, Anton Paar QuantaTec’s head of applications, has more than 10 years of experience in powder and porous materials characterization. Dr. Struckhoff graduated from the University of Michigan with a PhD in materials chemistry. She is the author on 30 scientific publications in the porous materials field, has presented at major conferences around the world, and advises researchers daily in experimental design and data interpretation. &nbsp;</blockquote>

Anton Paar: Characterization of Materials for Direct Air Capture Applications

Characterization of Materials for Direct Air Capture Applications

Examples of CO2 and water isotherms at these relevant conditions will be presented.

Characterization of Materials for Direct Air Capture

Hydrogen is the fuel of the future. Many research projects are underway globally to identify the best materials to store and transport hydrogen safely.This webinar will present vacuum-volumetric technology and methods for measuring hydrogen adsorption for storage applications. Sources of often-overlooked errors will be highlighted and solutions described. Adsorption at cryogenic and ambient temperature, and hydride formation/decomposition will be discussed.<blockquote>Presenter: Dr. Robin Isyas</blockquote>

Anton Paar: Hydrogen storage - next generation fuel

Hydrogen storage - next generation fuel

Vacuum-volumetric technology and methods for measuring hydrogen adsorption for storage applications.

<h4>Beyond the Surface Module 1 - Indentation Series</h4>From Basic to Advanced Indentation Testing is an in-depth webinar series comprising four comprehensive sessions designed to take you from foundational concepts to advanced techniques in indentation testing. By registering for a single webinar, you will automatically be enrolled in the entire series—there's no need to submit separate registrations for each session. This streamlined approach ensures you have access to the full range of topics covered, from introductory principles to sophisticated methods, all aimed at enhancing your expertise and practical skills in materials testing.<h5>This webinar:</h5>November 19, 2024:&nbsp;Fundamentals of IndentationThis webinar will provide a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of instrumented indentation, covering essential topics such as the goals of indentation testing, the fundamental mechanisms behind it, data interpretation, and property mapping.At the end of this webinar, attendees will be familiar with the fundamental principles of classical and instrumented indentation, understand how indentation is used in the research, development, and manufacture of materials and coatings, be able to interpret common features of indentation data, and identify how indentation results can be relevant to their own work.<h5 style="margin-left:0in;">Other webinars in this series:</h5>December 3, 2024: Advanced Indentation - Cyclic ModesIn this webinar, we will delve into the complexities of cyclic indentation modes and the valuable insights they provide. The session will cover fundamental concepts such as cyclic mode principles, examining how they contribute to understanding material behavior under repeated loading conditions. We will explore the relationship between properties and depth, analyze the intricacies of stress and strain in cyclic testing, and review the storage and loss moduli that describe material viscoelastic properties.At the end of this webinar, attendees will be familiar with the core theory and practice of cyclic indentation methods, understand the properties and insights gained from these testing modes, and be able to identify technical challenges that can be addressed with cyclic mode data.December 17, 2024: Indentation Optimization - RoughnessIn this module, we will address the challenges posed by rough surfaces in indentation measurements and explore effective strategies to manage or eliminate these impacts. We will start by defining roughness and its various forms, followed by a detailed examination of how surface roughness affects indentation measurements. The session will also provide insights into mitigating these effects, offering practical techniques and solutions to improve measurement accuracy and reliability.At the end of this webinar, attendees will have a working definition of roughness and its impact on indentation measurements, be able to anticipate these impacts based on sample structure and identify them from data features, and know several approaches to compensate for these impacts.January 7, 2025: Indentation Optimization - Soft MaterialsThis webinar focuses on the mechanical behavior of soft materials such as tissues, gels, and polymers, and provides practical strategies for obtaining high-quality indentation data from these materials. We will explore the characteristics of soft materials, including their unique mechanical properties and how they differ from more rigid materials. The module will also cover time-dependent characteristics, examining how the behavior of soft materials changes over time under applied forces. Additionally, we will discuss techniques and best practices for successful indentation of soft materials, ensuring accurate and reliable data collection.At the end of this webinar, attendees will know the characteristics of soft materials relevant to indentation, recognize when material softness affects measurement quality, understand the additional nuances in the indentation of soft materials, and know how to optimize test parameters for these materials.By registering for a single webinar, you will automatically be enrolled in the entire series—there's no need to submit separate registrations for each session. This streamlined approach ensures you have access to the full range of topics covered, from introductory principles to sophisticated methods, all aimed at enhancing your expertise and practical skills in materials testing.<blockquote>Presenter: Mark R HaaseMark R Haase is an Advanced Application Scientist at Anton Paar, and has been with the company for six years. They work with many material characterization techniques, including scratch, indentation, tribology, particle sizing, gas sorption, atomic force microscopy, and rheology. Mark supports the use of these techniques in research and industry with training and method development. Prior to joining Anton Paar, Mark's studies included nanocarbon materials and green energy systems.</blockquote>

Anton Paar: Beyond the Surface Module 1 - Indentation Series: From Basic to Advanced Indentation Testing

Fundamentals of Indentation

Beyond the Surface Module 1 - Indentation Series: From Basic to Advanced Indentation Testing

Indentation Series: Fundamentals of Indentation

In this webinar, presenters will cover recent advances in in-situ nanomechanics testing, highlighting a case study on fracture toughness in nitride hard coatings. They will also introduce the PI 89 Auto PicoIndenter—which automates nanoindentation mapping for correlating microstructure with mechanical properties—and explore processing-structure-mechanical property relationships using this high-throughput in-situ system.Join us for this webinar to see:<ul><li>Research on the influence of columnar grain boundaries on the fracture toughness of nitride hard coatings, determined using in-situ SEM microcantilever fracture tests</li><li>An introduction to the PI 89 Auto PicoIndenter for streamlined correlation of microstructure and mechanical properties</li><li>Evaluation of processing-structure-property relationships in structural materials as determined using PI 89 Auto to correlate EBSD, EDS, and nanoindentation maps</li></ul>Presenter: Subin Lee, Ph.D. (Group leader, Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology)Presenter: Kevin Schmalbach, Ph.D. (Instrumentation Scientist, Nanoindentation Unit Bruker)

Bruker: The latest advances in in-situ SEM nanoindentation testing

The latest advances in in-situ SEM nanoindentation testing

This webinar will cover recent advances in in-situ nanomechanics testing, highlighting a case study on fracture toughness in nitride hard coatings.

An exclusive webinar on the Characterization of Textiles &amp; Fibers using Anton Paar’s advanced Surpass technology. Join us for an in-depth look at how this innovative solution can drive insights and improvements in fabric care applications.What you will learn:<ul><li>An introduction to surface charge on solid surfaces</li><li>The role of surface charges in various textile applications</li><li>Overview of Surpass and its functional components</li><li>Q&amp;A session</li></ul><blockquote>Presenters: Dr. Rishi Gupta, Dr Wazed Ali (English)Dr. Wazed Ali is an Associate Professor in the Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi. After obtaining his Master and PhD degree from IIT Delhi in 2006 and 2011 respectively, he joined GE (General Electric) India Technology Centre Pvt. Ltd. (JFWTC), Bangalore as a Research Scientist. Subsequently he moved to SABIC Research and Technology Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore and worked as a Scientist before joining IIT Delhi in 2014. He has been awarded the prestigious 'Commonwealth Split-Site Doctoral Fellowship' 2008 from the Commonwealth Fellowship Commission, London to pursue 1 year research work in the UK during his PhD studies. He was a recipient of the 'Bolton Fellowship' from the University of Bolton, UK for 3 year's PhD program at IIT Delhi. He was also awarded with 'Gold Medal' for his highest score in M.Tech in Fibre Science &amp; Technology from IIT Delhi in 2006. He has published several research papers in different international peer reviewed journals. He is a life member of the Indian Natural Fibre Society and regular reviewer of different peer reviewed international journals.</blockquote>

Anton Paar: Characterization of Textiles & Fibers using Surpass

Characterization of Textiles & Fibers using Surpass

Webinar on the Characterization of Textiles & Fibers using Anton Paar’s advanced Surpass technology.

ICPMS webinars focusing on Material analysis - page 4