Photocatalytic degradation and transformation of pharmaceuticals using exfoliated metal-free g-C3N4

Alloys are formed when a metal is combined with another element to strengthen the base metal’s properties. Basically, an alloy is just a modified metal. Superalloys are similar, but these specific high-performance materials are held to a higher standard. They are typically nickel-based, cobalt-based, titanium-based, or iron-based.&nbsp;To be classified as a superalloy, the alloy must be able to reliably function under extremely high temperatures, possess superior strength and surface stability, and must be resistant to thermal creep deformation. Strong corrosion and oxidation resistance are also features of superalloys, but it’s important to note that they are not impervious to oxidation over time if protective measures are not taken. Unfortunately, even when protective measures are taken, contaminants like sulfur threaten to render that protection useless.<h4>Why is Protection from Oxidation Important?</h4>Oxidation negatively affects a superalloy by weakening its strength, which over time can lead to embrittlement and cracking. Since high-performance materials like superalloys are mainly used and relied on in industries like aerospace and nuclear energy, it is crucial that these materials perform as intended. Material failures could be the difference between life and death, in some circumstances.<h4>Selective Oxidation</h4>To make superalloys even more indestructible and shield against oxidation, selective oxidation is performed. With selective oxidation, superalloys are designed to oxidize in a way that creates a protective layer of oxidized material that “covers” the alloy, keeping the alloy’s inner structure from oxygen invasion. However, this means that in order to keep protecting the superalloy’s infrastructure, the protective oxidized layer needs to remain stable and intact.<h4>Sulfur: A Dangerous Threat</h4>The presence of sulfur, even at trace levels, can interfere with the selective oxidation process. Sulfur degrades that protective layer, leaving the superalloy vulnerable to negative oxidation and shortening its useful lifespan. Therefore, the accurate determination of sulfur content, down to the tenth of a microgram, is paramount for ensuring optimal performance and longevity in superalloys.<h4>A Combustion Technique for Ultimate Confidence</h4>Historically, the only way to accurately determine ultra-low levels of sulfur was with<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/1842"> glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS)</a>, due to its high sensitivity. Now, even combustion methods can be used when paired with the right instruments, like<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/1879"> LECO’s CS844ES.</a>&nbsp;<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_rada_844_Analyza_uhliku_a_siry_spalovaci_metodou_18532af2ef.jpg" alt="LECO: Superalloys and Sulfur: How Even Trace Amounts Can Be Detrimental: LECO 844 Series Combustion Analysis for Carbon and Sulfur." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_rada_844_Analyza_uhliku_a_siry_spalovaci_metodou_18532af2ef.jpg 139w," sizes="100vw" width="710" height="792">The CS844ES uses high-frequency combustion and intelligent carrier gas management with infrared detection to reach a detection limit of approximately 0.1μg, guaranteeing even trace amounts of sulfur will be detected and ensuring confident quality control of superalloys. The sensitivity, ease-of-use, and speed of this instrument make it a reliable tool for any lab. Plus, the cost of combustion instrumentation is significantly lower than GD-MS, making it a practical choice as well.<h4>More About Sulfur and Superalloys</h4>Since superalloys make up fundamental parts of aerospace equipment, medical devices, and more, knowing that they will perform as they are supposed to is paramount. Feeling confident in sulfur level results can be achieved through specialized combustion techniques, avoiding costly GD-MS.&nbsp;To learn more about LECO’s CS844ES, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CS_844_844_ES_S_STEEL_NICKEL_SUPERALLOYS_203_821_540_9f6feba049.pdf">download this app note</a> that details how the instrument performed when testing steel, nickel, and superalloys. You can also <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/1879">visit our website</a> to read more about the instrument and<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/209_214_5c92613a24.pdf"> download a brochure.</a> To learn more about how LECO serves the high-performance materials industry, visit our<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.leco.com/applications/high-performance-materials/"> High Performance Materials Resource Hub.</a>

Superalloys and Sulfur: How Even Trace Amounts Can Be Detrimental

The standard uncertainty arising from random effects is often derived from repeated experiments and is quantified in terms of the standard deviation s of the measured values of the quantity. If it is the standard uncertainty arising from random effects on a single measurement that is required, then the observed standard deviation s is used without change. However, for a result which is the mean x of n measurements the standard uncertainty decreases as n increases, so that:<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Using_repeated_measurements_to_improve_the_standard_uncertainty_equation_1_19f8f07f8f.jpg" alt="Eurachem: Using repeated measurements to improve the standard uncertainty - Equation 1" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Using_repeated_measurements_to_improve_the_standard_uncertainty_equation_1_19f8f07f8f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="485" height="138">Example 1 shows how Eq (1) applies when estimating the uncertainty of a mean value, but not when considering the uncertainty of individual observations.<blockquote>Example 1 A volumetric pipette is calibrated with 12 measurements; the mean and the standard deviation are calculated. Eq. 1 applies to estimate the standard uncertainty of the mean value. However, when using the pipette to deliver one aliquot, Eq. 1 does not apply and the standard uncertainty due to random variation on this single measurement is the standard deviation s</blockquote>For Eq (1) to be valid, it is a requirement that all the measurements are independent and from a stable test sample under the same measurement conditions. The measurement conditions for all the measurements could be, for example, 1) repeatability conditions, 2) intermediate precision (within laboratory reproducibility) conditions or 3) reproducibility conditions&nbsp;It is very important to be aware that the standard uncertainty given by Eq. 1 only gives the estimated uncertainty due to random variation under the conditions of measurement under which the observations were taken, and is only strictly valid for independent observations.&nbsp;It can be hard to decide whether observations are sufficiently independent for Eq. 1 to apply, as there is no simple, general, rule. The following paragraphs therefore give examples of different circumstances to help identify circumstances when Eq. 1 can safely be used.<h3>Example where Equation (1) applies&nbsp;</h3><h4>Measurement of inhomogeneous samples&nbsp;</h4>If inhomogeneity for test samples is a major part of the uncertainty the analyst may choose to measure more test portions from each test sample in order to reduce the standard uncertainty. If all these measurements are made under repeatability conditions, i.e. the same measurement conditions following the whole procedure, including repeated random sampling from the test sample, the standard deviation of the mean, given by Eq. (1), should be used to estimate the uncertainty arising from variation under repeatability conditions.&nbsp;<h3>Examples where Equation (1) does not apply&nbsp;</h3>The following paragraphs give two examples where neither the standard deviation nor the standard deviation of the mean can be directly applied without further analysis of the data.&nbsp;<h4>Measurements taken in groups&nbsp;</h4>One example is when we have data from internal quality control from a measurement procedure that includes a calibration before analysis each day. We want to calculate the standard uncertainty of the mean value used to set the central line in the QC chart. The data consist of duplicate QC measurements performed on a stable test sample each day over a longer period of time (say, p days), giving a total of 2p observations; that is, p groups of two measurements. Because each pair of duplicate measurements has a single calibration error in common; the duplicates within the data set are not strictly independent and Eq. (1) cannot be directly used for all 2p observations. The uncertainty of the mean can most easily be calculated by taking the standard deviation of the p means for each day and dividing that standard deviation by √p . Analysis of variance can also be useful in similar cases. Similar principles apply to other kinds of grouping, including grouping by operator, instrument etc.&nbsp;<h4>Measurement when the test item or measurement system is not stable over time</h4>Another common example is time dependent data. The time dependence could be due to instrument drift or to actual change in concentration by time. In such cases the error for a given observation is partly random and in part ‘carried over’ from the previous observation. Again the errors affecting each observation are not independent because some part of the error is common to successive observations; Eq. (1) can not be used and more complex statistical techniques, that allow for correlation, must be used to process the data.&nbsp;For further guidance on the treatment of correlated data in uncertainty evaluation, see Eurolab Technical Report 1/2006: Guide to the Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty for Quantitative Test Results, Appendix A.5

Using repeated measurements to improve the standard uncertainty

Article

Product

Application

Academy

Scientific article

Science and research

Eurachem is a European network promoting international traceability of chemical measurements and good analytical practice. It provides expert guidance, supports method validation, uncertainty evaluation, proficiency testing, and facilitates discussion on technical and policy issues in analytical quality.

Eurachem

Everything from the world of analytical chemistry in one place. We connect people in solving their problems. At Labrulez you will find all the necessary information easily, quickly and clearly. Stop searching and start finding.

LabRulez

In 1936, the Laboratory Equipment Company introduced the first rapid carbon determinator for the American iron and steel industry.  Today, almost 80 years later, LECO is recognized globally as a leader in the development of high-quality analytical instrumentation, mass spectrometers, comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography, metallography & optical equipment as well as consumables.

LECO

Shimadzu UV-1900i Plus UV-VIS spectrophotometer

UV-1900i Plus delivers 1 nm resolution, ultra-fast scanning, and intuitive operation for precise UV-Vis analysis compliant with JP, USP, and EP.

Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer

Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus and UV-2700i Plus spectrophotometers deliver high performance with flexible wavelength ranges, advanced optics, and efficient software control.

<h4>Versatile, Expandable Mid-Range UV Spectrophotometers for Diverse Applications</h4><section><section><section><ul><li>The UV-2600i Plus is a single monochromator system with an expandable wavelength range up to 1400 nm using an optional integrating sphere, making it adaptable for various needs.</li><li>The UV-2700i Plus is a double monochromator system capable of 8-Abs measurements, ideal for low transmittance samples.</li></ul>Both models come equipped with the intuitive Shimadzu LabSolutions UV-Vis software, ensuring data integrity and ease of use. Additionally, these spectrophotometers can be scheduled to shut down or enter sleep mode to save power and lamp life, and can automatically wake up at a specified time, enhancing efficiency. Elevate your analysis with these versatile and efficient spectrophotometers.<h3>Features</h3><h3>Perfect for a Wide Variety of Applications</h3>The functionality of the UV-2600i Plus /2700i Plus can be freely expanded to suit the measurement objective. By accommodating a wealth of accessories, the system can address any user’s applications and a variety of situations. Thanks to intuitive operations, anyone can easily obtain the data required.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_e5efa72f19.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer.jpg" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_e5efa72f19.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1040" height="561"><h5>Single monochromator UV-2600i Plus</h5>A key feature of the UV-2600i Plus equipped with a single monochromator is its measurement wavelength range. By using the optional ISR-2600Plus Integrating Sphere attachment, the measurement wavelength range can be extended from 220 nm to 1400 nm, significantly expanding its applications.Integrating Sphere Enables Measurements to 1400 nmThe UV-2600i Plus is equipped with Shimadzu's proprietary LO-RAY-LIGH™ grade diffraction grating, which achieves high efficiency and low stray light levels. By installing the ISR-2600Plus two-detector integrating sphere, the 300 nm to 1100 nm wavelength range of conventional models can be extended to 1400 nm. In addition, the UV-2600i achieves a significant noise reduction, and can accommodate measurements of solar cell anti-reflective films and polycrystalline silicon wafers.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_11_40f2d1e598.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_11_40f2d1e598.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="365" height="228"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_12_b71fa50d8f.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_12_b71fa50d8f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1052" height="433"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_13_6adf0a1565.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_13_6adf0a1565.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1052" height="466"><h4>Measures Slight Differences in Absorbance</h4>Equipped with a double monochromator that achieves ultra-low stray light levels, the UV-2700i Plus is optimal for measuring low transmittance samples, such as polarization films used for LCD panels. The UV-2700i Plus is capable of 8 Abs measurements, and can make accurate transmittance measurements to 1 part in 100 million, accommodating a variety of sample measurements.Achieves Ultra-Low Stray Light, Enabling 8-Abs MeasurementsIn the case of a device equipped with a general double monochromator, the absorbance that can be covered is about 5 to 6, but the UV-2700i Plus offers a range to 8 Abs, with a transmittance value of 0.000001 % (1 part in 100 million). This system achieves high-level absorbance measurements with incomparable precision. In addition to measuring even high-concentration samples as is, eliminating the need to dilute samples, the system can be applied to evaluating the transmission characteristics of polarization films. Wavelengths in the 400 nm to 650 nm range can be measured to 8 Abs.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_16_a08f314ee7.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_16_a08f314ee7.jpg 164w," sizes="100vw" width="511" height="485"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_14_0d004ee208.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_14_0d004ee208.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1052" height="466">Sample Polarization Film MeasurementWith the rotating film holder (image below), two film samples can be set on the same optical axis. In this example, the polarization film is rotated in the plane, and the transmittance is measured when the film transmits and blocks light.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_1_5ff393836a.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_1_5ff393836a.jpg 163w," sizes="100vw" width="397" height="381"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_2_f293cd4e0e.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_2_f293cd4e0e.jpg 184w," sizes="100vw" width="450" height="381"><h4>Enables Compliance with ER/ES Regulations and Stronger Data Management</h4><div><div>Compatible with Validation from PC SoftwareValidation can be implemented with PC software using UV validation software. In addition to simplifying daily inspections, this makes instrument performance checks and records management easier, enabling more secure regulatory compliance.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_18_1aa29e9a5d.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_18_1aa29e9a5d.jpg 232w," sizes="100vw" width="450" height="302"><ul><li>Inspection results can not only be printed but also saved to a file, so the results can be called up later for confirmation.</li><li>The inspection parameters can also be saved to separate files for periodic and routine inspections and then called up for use.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_19_7395087cba.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_19_7395087cba.jpg 232w," sizes="100vw" width="450" height="302"><ul><li>The user can select confirmation of instrument performance indicators as per JIS K 0115 General rules for molecular absorptiometric analysis, as well as the general test methods in the Japanese Pharmacopeia. (Order inspection jigs and reagents separately.)</li></ul>Note: Optional validation software is required to support the US Pharmacopeia and European Pharmacopeia.Support for FDA 21 CFR Part 11, PIC/S GMP Guidelines and Other Regulations and GuidelinesEnsuring the integrity of data (database management), including the user management, user authority management, and data audit trails required for compliance with FDA 21 CFR Part 11, PIC/S GMP guidelines, and other ER/ES regulations is possible.Option Software Assists with Regulation-Compliant ValidationUV validation software assists with performing the measurements and calculations required for validation. The software is included standard with UV-2600i/2700i models. In addition to routine inspections, it can also be used to perform instrument validation that is compliant with Japanese, US, and European pharmacopoeias.Assist FunctionThe instrument assists the user to ensure that measurements are performed using the correct procedure.*1<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_10_a30e63a8a4.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_10_a30e63a8a4.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1201" height="212">*1 This function can be enabled/disabled.Shutdown/Wakeup Functions<section><div>The instrument can be shut down, and put into sleep mode. Putting the instrument into sleep mode limits power consumption and helps preserve the lamp. After a long period of measurements, the instrument and software can automatically be shut down. After shutdown, the instrument can also be set to wake up automatically at a specified time. With this function, analysis can start the instant the user arrives at the laboratory.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_15_45b844fcc9.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_15_45b844fcc9.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="781" height="258"></div></section><h3>Applications</h3><h4>Electricity, Electronics, and Optics</h4>Band Gap Measurements for Compound Semiconductors<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_3_03d8793fe0.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: The diffuse reflection spectra for two types of compound semiconductors (red line: Culn0.5Ga0.5Se2, blue line: CulnSe2) used as solar cell materials were measured using the ISR-2600Plus integrating sphere. It is evident that the absorption edge (position where the reflectance drops) differs depending on the sample. This difference signifies a difference in the band gap* for these samples. (The samples were provided by Wada Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University.) The band gaps for the samples were calculated utilizing the Tauc method. The results obtained were 1.27 eV for Culn0.5Ga0.5Se2 (red line) and 0.99 eV for CulnSe2 (blue line). *The term band gap refers to the energy difference between the top of the valence band, which is full of electrons, and the bottom of the conduction band, which does not contain electrons." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_3_03d8793fe0.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="519" height="364"><h4>Chemicals</h4>Thickness Measurements of Cling Films<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_4_a5e83ed3ad.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: Undulating interference waveforms sometimes occur if light is passed through a film. The film thickness of a sample can be determined by using these interference waveforms. The figure shows transmittance data for a cling film. A clear interference waveform is produced. Utilizing optional film thickness measurement software, the film thickness is calculated as 10.4 μm. (Caution) The sample's refractive index must be entered for the film thickness calculation." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_4_a5e83ed3ad.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1038" height="728"><h4>Medicines</h4>Evaluating Thermal Stability (Tm) Analysis of Oligonucleotide Therapeutics<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_5_c80d107f38.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: Oligonucleotide therapeutics samples (9 to 60 M) were analyzed using TMSPC™-8i and 1 mm optical path length cells. Since UV-2600i Plus /2700i Plus can measure over a wide dynamic range, it is possible to perform a thermal stability analysis of nucleic acid drugs by obtaining the Tm value from the melting curve." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_5_c80d107f38.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1038" height="728"><h4>Construction</h4>Window Glass Transmission Measurements<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_6_41420fd6ba.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: Two types of window glass were measured utilizing the ISR-2600Plus integrating sphere. The sample shown by the red line is highly transparent to near-infrared light at 800 nm or more. The sample shown by the blue line, however, is apparently not very transparent to near-infrared light." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_6_41420fd6ba.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="519" height="364"><h4>Cosmetics</h4>Measurement of the Ultra Violet Protection Factor Assigned to Ultraviolet Protection Clothes<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_7_528f748880.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: The UV protection provided by clothes and an umbrella were analyzed by an ISR-2600Plus integrating sphere accessory. The transmittance spectrum of the umbrella (green) shows that very little UV radiation transmits through the umbrella. In regards to the clothing, the black areas block more UV radiation than do the white areas." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_7_528f748880.jpg 159w," sizes="100vw" width="474" height="465"><h4>Textiles</h4>Total Transmittance Spectrum of CNF<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_8_adb8c09844.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: An ISR-2600Plus integrating sphere was used to measure the total transmittance spectrum of cellulose nanofiber (CNF). Depending on the raw materials used, spectra can vary, transparency can vary, and spectral tendencies in the ultraviolet region can vary." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_8_adb8c09844.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="519" height="364"><h4>Life Sciences</h4>DNA and Protein Measurements<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_9_40a6f16a7b.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: The red and blue lines are the absorption spectra for dsDNA and BSA (bovine serum albumin), respectively. The concentration values are 45 ng/μL for dsDNA and 2.2 mg/mL for BSA." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_9_40a6f16a7b.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="519" height="364"><h4>Foods</h4>Vitamin Measurements<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_10_c7f5e10b1e.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: This shows the absorption spectra for riboflavin (vitamin B2). The sample concentrations are, in order from the highest absorbance, 0.08, 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01 mg/mL." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_10_c7f5e10b1e.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1038" height="728"></div></div></section></section></section>

Products from Shimadzu - page 1

Related content

Using repeated measurements to improve the standard uncertainty

Superalloys and Sulfur: How Even Trace Amounts Can Be Detrimental

Photocatalytic degradation and transformation of pharmaceuticals using exfoliated metal-free g-C3N4