Photocatalytic degradation and transformation of pharmaceuticals using exfoliated metal-free g-C3N4

Alloys are formed when a metal is combined with another element to strengthen the base metal’s properties. Basically, an alloy is just a modified metal. Superalloys are similar, but these specific high-performance materials are held to a higher standard. They are typically nickel-based, cobalt-based, titanium-based, or iron-based.&nbsp;To be classified as a superalloy, the alloy must be able to reliably function under extremely high temperatures, possess superior strength and surface stability, and must be resistant to thermal creep deformation. Strong corrosion and oxidation resistance are also features of superalloys, but it’s important to note that they are not impervious to oxidation over time if protective measures are not taken. Unfortunately, even when protective measures are taken, contaminants like sulfur threaten to render that protection useless.<h4>Why is Protection from Oxidation Important?</h4>Oxidation negatively affects a superalloy by weakening its strength, which over time can lead to embrittlement and cracking. Since high-performance materials like superalloys are mainly used and relied on in industries like aerospace and nuclear energy, it is crucial that these materials perform as intended. Material failures could be the difference between life and death, in some circumstances.<h4>Selective Oxidation</h4>To make superalloys even more indestructible and shield against oxidation, selective oxidation is performed. With selective oxidation, superalloys are designed to oxidize in a way that creates a protective layer of oxidized material that “covers” the alloy, keeping the alloy’s inner structure from oxygen invasion. However, this means that in order to keep protecting the superalloy’s infrastructure, the protective oxidized layer needs to remain stable and intact.<h4>Sulfur: A Dangerous Threat</h4>The presence of sulfur, even at trace levels, can interfere with the selective oxidation process. Sulfur degrades that protective layer, leaving the superalloy vulnerable to negative oxidation and shortening its useful lifespan. Therefore, the accurate determination of sulfur content, down to the tenth of a microgram, is paramount for ensuring optimal performance and longevity in superalloys.<h4>A Combustion Technique for Ultimate Confidence</h4>Historically, the only way to accurately determine ultra-low levels of sulfur was with<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/1842"> glow discharge mass spectrometry (GD-MS)</a>, due to its high sensitivity. Now, even combustion methods can be used when paired with the right instruments, like<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/1879"> LECO’s CS844ES.</a>&nbsp;<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/LECO_rada_844_Analyza_uhliku_a_siry_spalovaci_metodou_18532af2ef.jpg" alt="LECO: Superalloys and Sulfur: How Even Trace Amounts Can Be Detrimental: LECO 844 Series Combustion Analysis for Carbon and Sulfur." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_LECO_rada_844_Analyza_uhliku_a_siry_spalovaci_metodou_18532af2ef.jpg 139w," sizes="100vw" width="710" height="792">The CS844ES uses high-frequency combustion and intelligent carrier gas management with infrared detection to reach a detection limit of approximately 0.1μg, guaranteeing even trace amounts of sulfur will be detected and ensuring confident quality control of superalloys. The sensitivity, ease-of-use, and speed of this instrument make it a reliable tool for any lab. Plus, the cost of combustion instrumentation is significantly lower than GD-MS, making it a practical choice as well.<h4>More About Sulfur and Superalloys</h4>Since superalloys make up fundamental parts of aerospace equipment, medical devices, and more, knowing that they will perform as they are supposed to is paramount. Feeling confident in sulfur level results can be achieved through specialized combustion techniques, avoiding costly GD-MS.&nbsp;To learn more about LECO’s CS844ES, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CS_844_844_ES_S_STEEL_NICKEL_SUPERALLOYS_203_821_540_9f6feba049.pdf">download this app note</a> that details how the instrument performed when testing steel, nickel, and superalloys. You can also <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/1879">visit our website</a> to read more about the instrument and<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/209_214_5c92613a24.pdf"> download a brochure.</a> To learn more about how LECO serves the high-performance materials industry, visit our<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.leco.com/applications/high-performance-materials/"> High Performance Materials Resource Hub.</a>

Superalloys and Sulfur: How Even Trace Amounts Can Be Detrimental

The standard uncertainty arising from random effects is often derived from repeated experiments and is quantified in terms of the standard deviation s of the measured values of the quantity. If it is the standard uncertainty arising from random effects on a single measurement that is required, then the observed standard deviation s is used without change. However, for a result which is the mean x of n measurements the standard uncertainty decreases as n increases, so that:<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Eurachem_Using_repeated_measurements_to_improve_the_standard_uncertainty_equation_1_19f8f07f8f.jpg" alt="Eurachem: Using repeated measurements to improve the standard uncertainty - Equation 1" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Eurachem_Using_repeated_measurements_to_improve_the_standard_uncertainty_equation_1_19f8f07f8f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="485" height="138">Example 1 shows how Eq (1) applies when estimating the uncertainty of a mean value, but not when considering the uncertainty of individual observations.<blockquote>Example 1 A volumetric pipette is calibrated with 12 measurements; the mean and the standard deviation are calculated. Eq. 1 applies to estimate the standard uncertainty of the mean value. However, when using the pipette to deliver one aliquot, Eq. 1 does not apply and the standard uncertainty due to random variation on this single measurement is the standard deviation s</blockquote>For Eq (1) to be valid, it is a requirement that all the measurements are independent and from a stable test sample under the same measurement conditions. The measurement conditions for all the measurements could be, for example, 1) repeatability conditions, 2) intermediate precision (within laboratory reproducibility) conditions or 3) reproducibility conditions&nbsp;It is very important to be aware that the standard uncertainty given by Eq. 1 only gives the estimated uncertainty due to random variation under the conditions of measurement under which the observations were taken, and is only strictly valid for independent observations.&nbsp;It can be hard to decide whether observations are sufficiently independent for Eq. 1 to apply, as there is no simple, general, rule. The following paragraphs therefore give examples of different circumstances to help identify circumstances when Eq. 1 can safely be used.<h3>Example where Equation (1) applies&nbsp;</h3><h4>Measurement of inhomogeneous samples&nbsp;</h4>If inhomogeneity for test samples is a major part of the uncertainty the analyst may choose to measure more test portions from each test sample in order to reduce the standard uncertainty. If all these measurements are made under repeatability conditions, i.e. the same measurement conditions following the whole procedure, including repeated random sampling from the test sample, the standard deviation of the mean, given by Eq. (1), should be used to estimate the uncertainty arising from variation under repeatability conditions.&nbsp;<h3>Examples where Equation (1) does not apply&nbsp;</h3>The following paragraphs give two examples where neither the standard deviation nor the standard deviation of the mean can be directly applied without further analysis of the data.&nbsp;<h4>Measurements taken in groups&nbsp;</h4>One example is when we have data from internal quality control from a measurement procedure that includes a calibration before analysis each day. We want to calculate the standard uncertainty of the mean value used to set the central line in the QC chart. The data consist of duplicate QC measurements performed on a stable test sample each day over a longer period of time (say, p days), giving a total of 2p observations; that is, p groups of two measurements. Because each pair of duplicate measurements has a single calibration error in common; the duplicates within the data set are not strictly independent and Eq. (1) cannot be directly used for all 2p observations. The uncertainty of the mean can most easily be calculated by taking the standard deviation of the p means for each day and dividing that standard deviation by √p . Analysis of variance can also be useful in similar cases. Similar principles apply to other kinds of grouping, including grouping by operator, instrument etc.&nbsp;<h4>Measurement when the test item or measurement system is not stable over time</h4>Another common example is time dependent data. The time dependence could be due to instrument drift or to actual change in concentration by time. In such cases the error for a given observation is partly random and in part ‘carried over’ from the previous observation. Again the errors affecting each observation are not independent because some part of the error is common to successive observations; Eq. (1) can not be used and more complex statistical techniques, that allow for correlation, must be used to process the data.&nbsp;For further guidance on the treatment of correlated data in uncertainty evaluation, see Eurolab Technical Report 1/2006: Guide to the Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty for Quantitative Test Results, Appendix A.5

Using repeated measurements to improve the standard uncertainty

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Eurachem is a European network promoting international traceability of chemical measurements and good analytical practice. It provides expert guidance, supports method validation, uncertainty evaluation, proficiency testing, and facilitates discussion on technical and policy issues in analytical quality.

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In 1936, the Laboratory Equipment Company introduced the first rapid carbon determinator for the American iron and steel industry.  Today, almost 80 years later, LECO is recognized globally as a leader in the development of high-quality analytical instrumentation, mass spectrometers, comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography, metallography & optical equipment as well as consumables.

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Thermo Scientific™ OXSAS™ X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis Software

Thermo Scientific™ OXSAS™ is a powerful and customizable XRF software that enables fast, template-driven analysis, automation, and standardless quantification options.

Enhance your lab efficiency and productivity with a customizable software solution that operates with XRF spectrometers. The flexible and powerful Thermo Scientific™ OXSAS™ X-ray Fluorescence Analytical Software performs rapid, high-quality sample analysis using template-driven operations.Optional standardless quantitative analysis packages offer additional versatility for labs analyzing a wide range of materials. This platform evolves to meet changing needs with up-to-date solutions throughout the instrument's lifetime.<h3>⚙️ Ease of Use</h3><ul><li>Integrated Analytical Assistant guides method creation/extension, suggesting optimal parameters for fast and accurate analysis.</li><li>Automatic Method Choice selects the best parameter set without user intervention.</li><li>Routine analysis requires minimal data-entry (e.g., just sample ID).</li><li>One-click batch creation for all samples requiring analysis.</li><li>Simple batch definition and management allows sample prioritization.</li></ul><h3>🖥️ Familiar User Interface</h3><ul><li>Comprehensive post-treatment of results, including export and Excel support.</li><li>Integrated Microsoft SQL Server Express database stores setups and data.</li><li>Export/import functions simplify transfer of standards, methods, or grades between instruments.</li><li>Regular software updates available from the OXSAS website.</li><li>Monitoring and maintenance tools help maximize system uptime.</li><li>Real-time integrated SPC (Statistical Process Control).</li><li>SCT Manager provides overview of instrument and method capability.</li><li>Measurement Uncertainty and Conformance Probability reporting for unknowns.</li></ul><h3>⚡Fast Calibration</h3><ul><li>Multiple analyte curve display, instant base curve calculation, calibration templates.</li><li>Multi-variable regression and correction models with integrated theoretical alpha calculation.</li></ul><h3>🧩 Available Options</h3>Optional standardless analysis packages for broader capability:<ul><li>Thermo Scientific™ QuantAS™ – Semi-quantitative analysis.</li><li>Thermo Scientific™ UniQuant™ – Analyze up to 79 elements in unknown samples without specific calibration, no certified reference materials needed.</li></ul><h3>🔧 Other Options</h3><ul><li>ARLcom: Result transmission via LAN/TCP/IP, serial, or to files.</li><li>Remote Sample Definition: Sample registration from external networked applications.</li><li>Automation: Supports Thermo Scientific SMS for fully automated analysis.</li><li>Charge correction: Calculates material weights needed to adjust out-of-spec charges.</li><li>SPC-Full: Full graphical package for online Statistical Process Control.</li></ul><h3>✅ Compatible with:</h3><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/1211">Thermo Scientific™ ARL™ PERFORM'X Series</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/1212">Thermo Scientific™ ARL™ OPTIM'X Series</a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products?manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=9900">Thermo Scientific™ ARL™ 9900 IntelliPower Series</a></li></ul>

Thermo Scientific SolstiX XRD Software with Security Suite

SolstiX™ XRD Software with Security Suite for ARL™ EQUINOX enables FDA 21 CFR Part 11 compliance with audit trails, digital signatures, and advanced data security.

Thermo Scientific™ SolstiX™ XRD Software with Security Suite is designed for the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products?category=252&amp;manufacturerItems=3&amp;search=EQUINOX+">Thermo Scientific™ ARL™ EQUINOX X-ray diffractometer</a> range and enables compliance with 21 CFR Part 11 (Electronic Records / Electronic Signatures).Security Suite Software integrates directly into SolstiX Software and provides advanced data security and integrity tools to meet regulatory requirements. The software logs changes to files associated with SolstiX Software, even when the software itself is not running.<h3>Key Features</h3><h4>21 CFR Part 11 Compliance</h4><ul><li>Meets FDA Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Part 11 requirements</li><li>Designed using a strictly controlled Product Development Process (PDP)</li><li>Full traceability in specification, revision control, and software validation</li></ul><h4>Full System Access Control</h4><ul><li>Works with Windows security to authenticate operators</li><li>Software access controlled per user on single or multiple instruments</li><li>Can be configured per user, per system, or enterprise-wide</li></ul><h4>True Digital Signatures</h4><ul><li>Cryptographic user authentication</li><li>Encrypted secure hash validation of signed files</li><li>Detects file tampering</li><li>Digital signature history included in audit trails</li></ul><h4>Complete Audit Trails</h4><ul><li>Non-editable spectral data processing histories</li><li>Tracks:<ul><li>Changes to data by any operator</li><li>Digital signature history</li><li>Comments added to collection information</li><li>Data collection information</li><li>Errors during data collection</li></ul></li><li>Event logging includes:<ul><li>Security Administration database changes</li><li>Security Server activity</li><li>File creation, modification, renaming, deletion (even when software is not running)</li><li>Log-on, log-off, failed log-on</li><li>File signing and failed signing events</li></ul></li></ul>Entries include user name, date and time (with GMT reference), and reason for change. The history is embedded in the spectral data file and is not editable.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Solsti_X_XRD_Software_with_Security_Suite_3_d00e9f36ef.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific SolstiX XRD Software with Security Suite: This comprehensive activity tracking and logging assures you the ability to create detailed audit trails for your XRD instrument, and the data it generates." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Solsti_X_XRD_Software_with_Security_Suite_3_d00e9f36ef.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1405" height="824"><h4>Flexible Record Storage and Retrieval</h4><ul><li>Automatic saving of original raw data</li><li>Enables reproduction of experiments</li><li>Includes:<ul><li>Final format data</li><li>Sample interferogram</li><li>Background interferogram</li></ul></li><li>Retrieval and review in Thermo Scientific™ OMNIC™ Software or database/graphical programs</li><li>Automatic saving without operator intervention</li><li>Archiving options</li><li>Copying spectra and reports in graphical format to external programs</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Solsti_X_XRD_Software_with_Security_Suite_2_4426bcf334.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific SolstiX XRD Software with Security Suite: Y₂O₃ powder diffractogram." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Solsti_X_XRD_Software_with_Security_Suite_2_4426bcf334.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1298" height="913"><h4>Thermo Scientific Security Administration Server</h4>The Security Administration Server provides centralized control over:<ul><li>Software access</li><li>System policies</li><li>Digital signature meanings</li></ul>It can run:<ul><li>Stand-alone on an XRD workstation</li><li>As a server application to administer one or multiple systems</li></ul>Capabilities include:<ul><li>Prevent overwriting of files</li><li>Require digital signatures on file saves</li><li>Require reason entry when data is changed</li><li>Prevent changing directories when opening/saving files</li><li>Automatically lock workstation after inactivity</li><li>Control access to software features</li><li>Add, delete, or edit signature meanings</li><li>Preview and print user settings for inspection</li></ul>The system allows high security while maintaining productivity. Once configured, settings can be locked to prevent modification.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Solsti_X_XRD_Software_with_Security_Suite_4_a1fff7a67c.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific SolstiX XRD Software with Security Suite." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Solsti_X_XRD_Software_with_Security_Suite_4_a1fff7a67c.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1386" height="827">

Thermo Scientific UniQuant Software for Standardless XRF Analysis

Thermo Scientific UniQuant Software for Standardless XRF Analysis enables fast and reliable elemental analysis of unknown materials without calibration and with minimal sample preparation.

Thermo Scientific™ UniQuant Software for Standardless XRF Analysis enables the characterization of unknown materials without the need for internal standards or certified reference materials. It delivers semi-quantitative to quantitative results by applying a methodology based on Fundamental Parameters combined with advanced proprietary algorithms for XRF data processing.The software is designed to handle a wide variety of sample types, including multi-element solids, pressed powders with or without binders, small samples on supporting films, liquids, and aerosol filters. This flexibility allows for reliable elemental identification and composition analysis within minutes.<ul><li>Sample preparation is typically minimal or not required. UniQuant can analyze up to 79 elements, from boron to americium, including their oxide forms.&nbsp;</li><li>For each element, the software reports the standard deviation (sigma) in ppm, along with results expressed in weight percent and an estimated error.</li><li>To ensure accuracy, the software applies corrections for background, spectral interferences, line overlaps, matrix effects, and selected physical influences.&nbsp;</li><li>High-power measurements are generally completed in less than 14 minutes, while samples belonging to known material groups can be analyzed in as little as 5 minutes.</li><li>For applications requiring enhanced accuracy, specially calibrated datasets can be used.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Uni_Quant_Software_for_Standardless_XRF_Analysis_3_197f7b4da1.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific UniQuant Software for Standardless XRF Analysis" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Uni_Quant_Software_for_Standardless_XRF_Analysis_3_197f7b4da1.jpg 86w," sizes="100vw" width="644" height="1167"><h4>Thin Layer Samples</h4>For mono-layer samples, UniQuant can simultaneously determine layer composition and sample mass, including the associated standard deviation. If the substrate contains elements present in the layer, their influence is automatically taken into account.<h4>Interactivity</h4>The user interface is optimized to minimize the number of steps required for operation. It also enables rapid adjustment of analytical assumptions, such as switching between sulfide and oxide models for unknown sample evaluation.<h4>Batch Modes</h4>Batch processing is supported for both calibration (set-up) samples and groups of unknown samples. Samples can be organized and tagged within directories, allowing the analysis process to be initiated efficiently.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Thermo_Scientific_Uni_Quant_Software_for_Standardless_XRF_Analysis_2_40a60cb3ff.jpg" alt="Thermo Scientific UniQuant Software for Standardless XRF Analysis: UniQuant Software uses peak to peak acquisition allowing for best limits of detection." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Thermo_Scientific_Uni_Quant_Software_for_Standardless_XRF_Analysis_2_40a60cb3ff.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1530" height="760">

Products from category X-Ray software from Thermo Fisher Scientific - page 1

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Using repeated measurements to improve the standard uncertainty

Superalloys and Sulfur: How Even Trace Amounts Can Be Detrimental

Photocatalytic degradation and transformation of pharmaceuticals using exfoliated metal-free g-C3N4