🎤 Presenter: Barbara Grace Saunders (William &amp; Mary, Williamsburg, USA)💾 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/paper/32782">PDF presentation</a><h3>Abstract</h3>Gunshot residue (GSR) is expelled as a "plume" of vaporized material during a firearm discharge event. As it disperses, condenses, and settles on surfaces in vicinity of the discharge, it creates chemical depositions that provide essential information for forensic casework involving criminal firearm usage.GSR contains organic (OGSR) and inorganic (IGSR) components, both of which may carry evidentiary value. Traditional analyses involve the targeted point analysis of IGSR via scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?search=SEM-EDS">SEM-EDS</a>), and conclusions are drawn based on a well-established elemental and morphological profile "characteristic" to IGSR. This method has lost impact as a standard for forensic analysis due to increased use of "green" - heavy metal-free - ammunition, which omits the lead, barium, and antimony that are traditionally seen as the "characteristic" markers of GSR.This study aimed to develop a holistic approach to the analysis of GSR using both SEM-EDS as a targeted approach to IGSR analysis and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography – time-of-flight mass spectrometry (<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library?instrumentationItems=2-3-13">GC×GC-TOFMS</a>) as a nontargeted approach to OGSR analysis. GSR samples were collected from the hands of shooters at a police firearms recertification training using the tape lift method. SEM-EDS was used to identify IGSR and develop new morphological and elemental profiles for heavy metal-free residues. OGSR components have been positively identified through sample analysis via liquid extraction, chromatographic separation via GC×GC-TOFMS, and data processing.Future work on this project will include the optimization of data processing methods and the development of SPME as an alternative sample extraction method.<h3>Video Transcription</h3>The transition toward environmentally friendly “green” ammunition is creating new challenges for forensic laboratories. Traditional gunshot residue (GSR) analysis relies heavily on the detection of heavy-metal-containing particles produced during firearm discharge. However, modern ammunition formulations increasingly eliminate these metals, making conventional forensic protocols less effective.This study presents the development of a combined analytical strategy for the characterization of green gunshot residue (GSR) by integrating:<ul><li>Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) for inorganic GSR (IGSR)</li><li>Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography coupled to Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) for organic GSR (OGSR)</li></ul>The ultimate goal is to provide forensic laboratories with a more complete and defensible analytical approach for firearm discharge investigations.<h4>Why Green Gunshot Residue Is a Challenge</h4>Gunshot residue consists of particulate matter expelled from firearms during discharge. Rapid increases in temperature and pressure vaporize materials originating from:<ul><li>primer compositions</li><li>bullets</li><li>cartridge cases</li><li>firearm components</li></ul>These materials rapidly condense and deposit on:<ul><li>hands</li><li>skin</li><li>hair</li><li>clothing</li><li>nearby surfaces</li></ul>Because GSR is directly associated with firearm discharge events, it remains an important source of forensic evidence.Historically, forensic scientists have identified GSR using SEM-EDS, focusing on particles containing characteristic heavy metals.However, ammunition manufacturers have increasingly removed heavy metals from primers due to health and environmental concerns. Modern green ammunition replaces traditional metallic components with more environmentally common elements, making classical identification criteria less reliable.<h4>Project Objectives</h4>The project was designed around three primary goals:<ol><li>Redevelop inorganic GSR classification criteria for green ammunition.</li><li>Develop a robust GC×GC-TOFMS workflow for organic GSR analysis.</li><li>Combine both approaches into a comprehensive forensic methodology suitable for future laboratory implementation.</li></ol><h4>Collection of Green GSR Samples</h4>Samples were collected using standard forensic SEM-compatible collection kits.Each kit consisted of:<ul><li>an airtight glass vial</li><li>an aluminum SEM pin stub</li><li>black carbon adhesive for particle collection</li></ul>Sampling was performed by repeatedly dabbing the adhesive surface across:<ul><li>palms</li><li>backs of hands</li><li>forearms</li></ul>of volunteers.To ensure authentic green GSR samples, collection took place during police firearms recertification training at a local firing range. All ammunition used was verified as green ammunition.<h4>Redevelopment of Green IGSR Characterization by SEM-EDS</h4>The first phase focused on updating SEM-EDS criteria for green ammunition residues.Analysis of numerous samples revealed morphological and elemental characteristics that differed from traditional heavy-metal-containing GSR particles.One notable observation was that many candidate particles exhibited a characteristic “sparkling” appearance against the SEM background. These particles often contained elevated metallic content, although not necessarily heavy metals.The resulting profiles provided a more reliable framework for identifying inorganic components of green GSR.Nevertheless, the approach still involved a degree of analyst judgment, motivating the development of a more objective complementary analytical strategy based on organic residue analysis.<h4>Why GC×GC-TOFMS Was Selected</h4>The second phase focused on characterization of organic gunshot residue (OGSR).Compared with conventional one-dimensional GC, GC×GC offers:<ul><li>increased chromatographic peak capacity</li><li>enhanced separation power</li><li>improved resolution of structurally similar compounds</li><li>better discrimination of constitutional isomers</li></ul>These advantages are particularly valuable for forensic samples, where highly complex mixtures often contain numerous nitroaromatic compounds and energetic materials.The instrumentation used was a:<ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/products/37">LECO Pegasus BT GC×GC-TOFMS</a></li></ul>which combines comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection.<h4>Development of the Organic GSR Extraction Method</h4>Organic residues were extracted using a liquid extraction procedure adapted from OSAC recommendations for GC-MS analysis.The workflow included:<ol><li>Extraction in methanol</li><li>Evaporation to dryness under nitrogen</li><li>Reconstitution</li><li>Transfer into GC×GC-compatible vials</li></ol>Additional vortexing and sonication steps were incorporated to maximize analyte recovery.<h4>Comparison of Extraction Procedures</h4>The newly developed in-house method was compared with a literature-based extraction protocol.The results demonstrated that the in-house procedure:<ul><li>recovered more analytes</li><li>produced higher peak intensities</li><li>generated a larger average number of chromatographic peaks</li></ul>Important target compounds such as:<ul><li>diphenylamine</li><li>skin matrix compounds</li><li>nitroaromatic species</li></ul>were detected at significantly higher abundance levels.Consequently, the in-house extraction method was selected for all subsequent experiments.<h4>Optimization of the GC×GC Method</h4><h5>Carrier Gas Selection</h5>Initial experiments compared helium and hydrogen carrier gases.Hydrogen provided:<ul><li>improved chromatographic expansion</li><li>better compound visibility</li><li>enhanced separation</li></ul>Therefore, hydrogen was selected for the final method.<h5>Inlet Temperature Optimization</h5>Two inlet temperatures were evaluated:<ul><li>170 °C</li><li>200 °C</li></ul>Although the lower temperature generated a larger number of detected analytes overall, critical GSR target compounds such as:<ul><li>nitroglycerin (ethylene glycol dinitrate)</li><li>diphenylamine</li></ul>showed lower responses or were not detected.As a result, 200 °C was selected as the optimal inlet temperature.<h5>Modulation Period Optimization</h5>Three modulation periods were compared: 2.0 s / 2.5 s / 3.0 s<ul><li>Two-Second Modulation: Produced wraparound effects where analytes could not fully elute within a modulation cycle.</li><li>Three-Second Modulation: Created excessive unused chromatographic space and compressed analyte distributions.</li><li>Two-and-a-Half-Second Modulation: Provided the best balance between resolution and chromatographic efficiency.</li></ul>Therefore, 2.5 seconds was selected as the final modulation period.<h4>Validation Using Analytical Standards</h4>The optimized GC×GC method was validated using several reference standards.<h5>Seven-Component Phthalate Standard</h5>All seven analytes were successfully identified.The compounds exhibited:<ul><li>excellent chromatographic resolution</li><li>reproducible retention behavior</li><li>clear separation across both chromatographic dimensions</li></ul>These retention regions subsequently helped identify corresponding compounds in authentic GSR samples.<h5>Twelve-Component Nitroaromatic Standard</h5>All twelve analytes were successfully identified.Particularly important was the clear separation of compounds such as:<ul><li>TNT</li><li>DNT</li><li>nitrotoluenes</li></ul>which frequently appear in explosive and propellant formulations.This experiment demonstrated the superior resolving power of GC×GC compared with conventional one-dimensional GC.<h5>Nitroglycerin Standard</h5>Nitroglycerin was successfully detected and its retention coordinates established.These retention characteristics will serve as reference markers for future identification in authentic GSR samples.<h5>Gun Surveillance Standard</h5>The final validation mixture contained nine known compounds.Seven components were successfully identified.Two unexpected compounds:<ul><li>phenazine</li><li>benzothiazole</li></ul>appeared in the chromatograms, while one expected analyte overlapped with column bleed.Although further refinement is required, the preliminary results demonstrated promising analytical performance.<h4>Major Outcomes of the Study</h4>The project has already produced several significant achievements:<h5>Inorganic GSR Analysis</h5><ul><li>Redesigned SEM-EDS classification profiles for green ammunition residues</li><li>Improved characterization of heavy-metal-free particles</li></ul><h5>Organic GSR Analysis</h5><ul><li>Optimized methanol-based extraction procedure</li><li>Fully developed GC×GC-TOFMS analytical workflow</li><li>Improved detection of key OGSR markers</li><li>Verified retention behavior of multiple relevant analytes</li></ul><h5>Integrated Forensic Strategy</h5><ul><li>Combined IGSR and OGSR characterization</li><li>Enhanced confidence in green GSR identification</li><li>Improved potential for courtroom-defensible evidence interpretation</li></ul><h4>Future Work</h4>Although the method successfully distinguishes the presence or absence of green GSR, additional validation remains necessary before routine forensic implementation.Future investigations will focus on:<ul><li>comparison of sorbent-based extraction approaches with methanol extraction</li><li>acquisition of retention indices for stronger compound confirmation</li><li>further validation of target analyte identities</li><li>increased method robustness for forensic casework</li></ul>The ultimate objective is to establish a validated methodology suitable for routine forensic laboratory deployment in the era of green ammunition.<h4>Conclusion</h4>This study demonstrates that combining SEM-EDS and GC×GC-TOFMS provides a promising framework for the forensic analysis of modern green gunshot residue. By integrating inorganic and organic residue characterization, forensic scientists can generate a more comprehensive evidential profile of firearm discharge events. The optimized extraction protocol, chromatographic conditions, and preliminary validation results show strong potential for future implementation in forensic laboratories, helping maintain the evidential value of GSR as ammunition technologies continue to evolve.<blockquote>This text has been automatically transcribed from a video presentation using AI technology. It may contain inaccuracies and is not guaranteed to be 100% correct.</blockquote>

Developing a Combined Approach to Green Gunshot Residue Analysis in the Forensic Laboratory (Barbara Grace Saunders, MDCW 2026)

Our Library never stops expanding. What are the most recent contributions to LabRulezICPMS Library in the week of 25th May 2026? Check out new documents from the field of spectroscopy/spectrometry and related techniques!<blockquote>👉 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library">SEARCH THE LARGEST REPOSITORY OF DOCUMENTS ABOUT SPECTROSCOPY/SPECTROMETRY RELATED TECHNIQUES</a></blockquote><blockquote>👉 Need info about different analytical techniques? Peek into <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://lcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezLCMS</a> or <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://gcms.labrulez.com/library">LabRulezGCMS</a> libraries.</blockquote>This week we bring you application notes by Agilent Technologies, Shimadzu &nbsp;and Thermo Fisher Scientific!<h3>1. Agilent Technologies: Analysis of Soil and Sediments by ICP-MS with Advanced Sample Introduction Tools</h3>Simplified sample preparation enabled by the Agilent Mira Mist Nebulizer and an In-Line Particle Filter<ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_enviro_soil_sample_prep_9500_icp_qqq_5994_9126en_agilent_8299f007e9.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul>ICP-MS is widely employed for monitoring inorganic elements in soil and sediments, with established methods such as US EPA 6020B providing a validated framework for the accurate, multi‑element analysis of environmental samples.1 In a separate study, we demonstrated the outstanding performance capabilities of the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=9500">Agilent 9500 Triple Quadrupole ICP-MS</a> (ICP-QQQ) in compliance with EPA 6020B requirements.2 The instrument, which includes the Ultra High Matrix Introduction (UHMI) system for enhanced plasma stability and robustness, employed Advanced Helium Mode (AHM) and Air cell mode to achieve lower limits of detection (LODs) compared to conventional cell gas approaches.3,4The two collision/reaction cell (CRC) modes of operation were enabled by the Agilent Dual-Cell System (DCS) —a unique CRC that provides the following performance advantages when operated in AHM and Air cell mode: – AHM – This innovative He-based gas collision-cell mode significantly enhances sensitivity for low-mass analytes while providing robust interference removal across the entire mass range. – This single gas mode eliminates the need for multiple modes, replacing no gas, conventional He, and high energy (HE) He mode. – Air cell mode – Using oxygen (O2 ) from air and an integrated air filter for the 9500 ICP-QQQ, Air cell mode leverages reactions between O2 and analytes to improve detection limits (DLs) for oxygen-reactive species. – Air cell mode effectively eliminates interferences, including M++ that are challenging to resolve using He-based gas methods.5 – With an unlimited supply of O2 in air, Air cell mode eliminates the need for O2 gas cylinders, reducing operating costs and simplifying workflows.Of all the ICP-MS nebulizers, the Agilent Mira Mist nebulizer offers the best resistance to concentrated acids and organic solvents. Its parallel path design ensures good tolerance to high levels of particulates and total dissolved solids (TDS), providing excellent resistance to clogging. In this study, the 9500 ICP-QQQ equipped with an in-line particle filter and Mira Mist nebulizer was used to determine trace and major elements in five environmental certified reference materials (CRMs) and a real sediment sample. The performance of the method was evaluated according to criteria set out in EPA Method 6020B.<h4>Experimental&nbsp;</h4><h5>Instrumentation&nbsp;</h5>All measurements were performed using an <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=10&amp;search=9500">Agilent 9500 ICP-QQQ</a> that includes the following standard components: nickel (Ni) interface cones and newly designed DCS cell. The design features and functionality of the 9500 and DCS are explained elsewhere.3,4 The 9500 was also equipped with the optional Agilent Advanced Valve System (AVS&nbsp;MS) discrete sampling system for improved productivity. The AVS&nbsp;MS system’s high-speed piston pump works seamlessly with the Agilent SPS 4 and SPS&nbsp;6 autosamplers for sample delivery, ensuring the high sample throughput necessary to meet the operational needs of most environmental testing laboratories.To optimize signal stability with the Mira Mist nebulizer, the nebulizer pump speed was adjusted and a makeup gas was introduced (Table 1). In the 9500 ICP-QQQ, both the makeup gas and dilution gas can be added, enabling finer control of the plasma gas flow rates to optimize signal %RSD within the target sensitivity zone. The lens parameters were set automatically using the Autotune function in the software. The in-line filter’s internal volume is sufficiently small that its presence does not influence AVS MS sample introduction timing or method parameters. As a result, the same settings were used with and without the filter installed (Table 2).<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>In this study, sediment samples were analyzed in accordance with EPA Method 6020B using the Agilent 9500 ICP‑QQQ with UHMI and the optional AVS MS. The system was equipped with advanced sample introduction components, including the Mira Mist nebulizer and an in‑line particle filter.&nbsp;The combination of the Mira Mist nebulizer and in-line filter enabled the analysis of sediment digests without a dedicated filtration step, reducing sample preparation time and consumable costs. At the same time, the configuration minimized the risk of sample introduction blockages, supporting robust and reliable long-term ICP-QQQ operation for complex environmental matrices.Overall, the 9500 ICP-QQQ with the Mira Mist nebulizer and the in-line particle filter achieved excellent analytical data:&nbsp;<ul><li>Low detection limits in the low ng/L (ppt) range for most analytes&nbsp;</li><li>The same or similar washout efficiency of sticky elements as a standard sample introduction configuration&nbsp;</li><li>The same sample introduction timing, regardless of whether the filter was installed or not&nbsp;</li><li>Method robustness and reproducibility over more than eight hours of continuous measurements, as demonstrated by the recoveries of ISTDs and CCVs within the limits specified in EPA Method 6020B&nbsp;</li><li>Recoveries of all certified elements in the five environmental CRMs, matrix spike sample, and spiked real sediment sample within ±10%, confirming the effective control of interferences using AHM and Air cell mode&nbsp;</li></ul>The study has highlighted how the 9500 ICP-QQQ with the Mira Mist nebulizer and in‑line particle filter enhances sample preparation efficiency and analytical performance for the analysis of complex sediment digests.<h3>2. Shimadzu: Analysis of Inorganic Elements in Urine Using EDXRF</h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/an_01_01007_en_c3bd71bbb3.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>User Benefits</h4><ul><li>Inorganic elements in urine can be quantified at the ppm level without any complicated sample pretreatment.</li><li>Qual-quantitative analysis is possible using the FP (Fundamental Parameter) method, which does not require standards.</li><li>Qual-quantitative results are obtained within 10 minutes per sample.</li></ul>Inorganic element poisoning, including heavy metals, is caused by accidents or criminal incidents, and the causative elements are diverse. Although some of these elements are highly toxic, there are cases in which it is difficult to distinguish them at an early stage because they lack specific symptoms of poisoning. Therefore, analytical methods for rapid screening of these elements are required in forensic research.&nbsp;Inorganic elements are generally analyzed by ICP-AES or ICP-MS. Although these techniques allow trace-level quantitation, they require chemical pretreatment such as dilution and deproteinization, and the samples are limited to liquid specimens. In contrast, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF - <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/library?mainauthorItems=1&amp;search=EDX-7200">EDX-7200</a>) offers sufficient sensitivity in the concentration range associated with poisoning and enables simple, non-destructive analysis in a short time.&nbsp;This application describesthe results of quantitative analysis of 15 elements in urine by the calibration curve method, and qualquantitative analysis by the FP (Fundamental Parameter) method based on sensitivity coefficients installed in the instrument. The errors in the quantitative values obtained by the FP-based qualquantitative analysis method were approximately ±20 %, indicating that sufficient quantitative accuracy was achieved. Screening can be performed within 10 minutes persample.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The FP method demonstrated high accuracy for quantitation without calibration curves. Furthermore, urine samples do not require complicated pretreatment such as protein removal, and the analysis time is as short as approximately 10 minutes per sample. This method is well suited for poisoning screening in forensic research.<h3>3. Thermo Fisher Scientific: Analysis of copper alloys with the <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/1978">ARL X900 XRF Spectrometer</a></h3><ul><li>Application note</li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/analysis_of_copper_alloys_arl_9900_an41427_203b52e126.pdf">Full PDF for download</a></li></ul><h4>Copper alloys&nbsp;</h4>are very important products because they are used for many applications and many manufacturing processes as described in the next few paragraphs. It is important to accurately analyze these materials to confirm compliance of their chemical specifications that imply physical properties, like conductivity, compressive strength, hardness, resistance to traction and to abrasion. High product quality and efficient production can be ensured with accurate analysis results. Copper alloys Pure copper is mixed with other elements to produce a wide range of alloys: Brasses (Cu-Zn), bronzes (Cu-Sn), gun metal (Cu-Sn-Zn) used for casting due to its excellent fluidity, for valves, taps and water fittings. Manganese bronzes (Cu-Zn-Mn) are not true bronzes as Sn is not the essential constituent. Used for rudders, propellers, and ship fittings. Cupro-nickel (Cu-Ni) used for coins, tubes, wires, electrical resistances, and thermocouples. Nickel silver (Cu-Ni-Zn) used for marine applications, car radiators and fittings.&nbsp;<h4>Brass&nbsp;</h4>One of the most important non-ferrous engineering alloys. It covers a large range of physical properties with multiple applications. Copper can hold about 39% of zinc in solid solution. Alloys containing less than 39% Zn are known as α-brasses. This brass (70/30) is very widely employed for cartridge, cases, condenser tubes, etc. From 39% to 46% of Zn, a β-solid solution gives αβ-brass. This alloy (60/40) is found in extensive engineering applications with enhanced corrosion resistance used in marine applications. Alloys containing more than 49% Zn are very hard and only used for brazing brasses.<h4>Instrument parameters and conditions&nbsp;</h4>The <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/1978">ARL X900 XRF Spectrometer</a> can accommodate up to 24 fixed monochromator channels alongside the goniometer or up to 32 fixed monochromator channels when no goniometer is fitted. New high counting fixed channel monochromators using an SCX detector are available to further improve the precision of analysis, especially for elements like Cu, Zn and Ni.Our unique proprietary Moiré fringe goniometer ensures speed, flexibility and reliability of analysis thanks to the clever frictionfree positioning system. Up to nine crystals and four collimators can be fitted. With the two detectors (flow proportional and scintillation counters), precise elemental analysis from Boron to Californium is possible.&nbsp;The ARL X900 XRF spectrometer can be calibrated using commercially available certified reference materials (CRM) or well analyzed samples from the user. Calibrations can be delivered from the factory, hence reducing the commissioning time at the customer’s site.&nbsp;It should be stressed that an XRF spectrometer is a very accurate comparator, but the accuracy of the final analysis is entirely dependent on the quality of the standards used for calibration and on the care and reproducibility of sample preparation which must be identical for CRMs and for routine samples as well.This application note only includes data obtained mostly on fixed channels and on some goniometer channels. For more results using goniometer channels please refer to AN41426.<h4>Conclusion&nbsp;</h4>Analysis of all sorts of copper alloys can be performed with ease using the ARL X900 Simultaneous-Sequential XRF Spectrometer. The performance of the Moiré fringe goniometer is such that it can be used for analysis of any elements that are not fitted as fixed channels. The analysis on the goniometer is done while the fixed channels are measuring. In addition, it can be used as a backup in case of failure of any of the fixed channels.&nbsp;Appropriate calibrations for copper alloys can be delivered turnkey from the Thermo Fisher Scientific factory. In this case the commissioning time of the spectrometer is reduced to a minimum.&nbsp;The precision is excellent in these matrix types for routine or R&amp;D analysis, especially when the new high counting fixed channel monochromator is used for elements like Cu, Zn, and Ni.&nbsp;Furthermore, operation is made easy through the innovative <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://icpms.labrulez.com/products/2029">Thermo Scientific™ OXSAS™ Software</a> that operates with the latest Microsoft Windows® package.&nbsp;Thermo Fisher Scientific’s long experience in metals analysis comes from an installed base of over 2,000 XRF spectrometers worldwide. The ARL X900 spectrometer is the answer to your metallurgical analysis needs, whether they involve incoming material control, metal QC, or production analysis. Working 24 hours a day and 7 days a week, the ARL X900 spectrometer delivers dependable performance year after year. The high performance of the ARL X900 XRF Spectrometer will meet your analytical needs today and in the future

News from LabRulezICPMS Library - Week 22, 2026

In various debates,&nbsp;Aristotle, Leonardo da Vinci, and Leibniz are often described as the last men who mastered all the knowledge of their time. Today, however, we are confronted with such an overwhelming amount of information that it is no longer within the power of a single person to&nbsp;comprehend&nbsp;it all. As society develops, we naturally lose comprehensive&nbsp;expertise&nbsp;within individual disciplines.There is simply too much information for everyone to know everything. Likewise, we have inevitably reached a point where it is impossible for every scientist to&nbsp;fully&nbsp;understand and master all scientific approaches and methods used&nbsp;in a given&nbsp;field. And this is precisely where some of the errors in scientific literature originate.<h4>X-ray&nbsp;Photoelectron&nbsp;Spectroscopy (XPS) as a Case Study</h4>To illustrate this phenomenon, let us focus on a method commonly used in materials science: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). XPS is a technique that provides information about the chemical composition of samples, including the chemical states in which individual atoms are found. Simply put, it tells us which elements are present in a sample and how they are chemically bonded to one another.The method is based on the internal photoelectric effect, in which electrons are emitted from atoms&nbsp;as a result of&nbsp;absorbing X-ray photons. From the measured kinetic energy of the emitted electrons and the known energy of the photons, we can&nbsp;determine&nbsp;the binding energy of the electrons in the atoms. This binding energy is characteristic of each element and shifts slightly depending on how the atom is bonded to its surroundings. In the measured spectrum, each chemical state corresponds to a peak at a specific energy. For example, if we analyse PET polymer chains using XPS, we discover not only that carbon and oxygen are present in the sample, but also that there are two types of oxygen atoms in a 1:1 ratio and three types of carbon atoms in a 1:1:3 ratio. Based on known information about the energies of individual bonds, we then assign the observed peaks to the bonds present in PET.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Jakub_Rozboud_Vice_dat_mene_pochopeni_pripadova_studie_XPS_2_37d42e7fa2.jpeg" alt="CEITEC/Jan Čechal: More Data, Less Understanding: An XPS Case Study: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) at CEITEC BUT." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Jakub_Rozboud_Vice_dat_mene_pochopeni_pripadova_studie_XPS_2_37d42e7fa2.jpeg 208w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1200"><h4>The Majority of Spectra Is Misinterpreted</h4>XPS is a widely used method that, especially when combined with other surface analysis techniques, provides highly valuable data about sample composition. Today, XPS spectrometers are standard equipment wherever materials research is conducted. After brief training, most users&nbsp;can&nbsp;operate&nbsp;the spectrometers and&nbsp;measure&nbsp;their own spectra. So,&nbsp;where is the problem?In 2020, a&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.aip.org/avs/jva/article/38/6/061204/1023649/Assessment-of-the-frequency-and-nature-of">study</a>&nbsp;was published showing that approximately 60% of XPS spectra in scientific journals were interpreted incorrectly, or at least, questionably. The conclusions were based on the examination and evaluation of XPS analyses published over a six-month period in 2019 across three different journals. The first had a narrow disciplinary focus (IF 25), the second focused on&nbsp;materials&nbsp;surface analysis, and the third was a general scientific journal&nbsp;containing&nbsp;a large number of&nbsp;publications in materials science. The results were alarming: on average, 60% of the spectra had been interpreted incorrectly.<h4>Modeling the Spectra, i.e. Fitting, Increased the Error Rate</h4>When only the measured spectra were published and conclusions were drawn directly from them, the situation was&nbsp;not quite so&nbsp;severe. However, this changed dramatically once spectral&nbsp;modelling&nbsp;(so-called fitting) was used. Through fitting, we&nbsp;attempt&nbsp;to obtain more detailed information when spectral peaks have complex shapes caused by the presence of multiple chemical states for each element. Here, the error rate reached 80%.&nbsp;Roughly 40%&nbsp;of these were&nbsp;very serious&nbsp;errors that&nbsp;essentially invalidated&nbsp;the conclusions of the published XPS analyses. And we are talking about respectable scientific journals. Sixty percent incorrectly interpreted XPS measurements is not a negligible problem.In response to this study, my colleagues and I prepared&nbsp;a&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.aip.org/avs/jva/article/41/3/038501/2888098/Perspective-on-improving-the-quality-of-surface">publication</a>&nbsp;examining the future of science&nbsp;in light of&nbsp;these findings, the causes of the current situation, and&nbsp;possible ways&nbsp;to remedy it.&nbsp;A deeper examination of incorrectly interpreted spectra quite clearly shows that most of the mistakes could have been easily avoided.&nbsp;In essence, only&nbsp;a basic understanding of&nbsp;XPS’s fundamental principles&nbsp;was missing. Spectral modelling reflects the process of photoemission&nbsp;and thus&nbsp;must follow its physical principles. Many spectral interpretations contradict quantum mechanics (and some authors even acknowledge this themselves in their papers), while others are simply inconsistent. In many cases, the process resembles drawing curves&nbsp;like&nbsp;those seen in the literature,&nbsp;rather than a well-founded interpretation of measured data.&nbsp;<h4>The Invention of New Errors</h4>So&nbsp;is the problem simply that mistakes spread from one publication to another? Initially, we thought so. However, a&nbsp;subsequent&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.aip.org/avs/jva/article/42/6/063213/3322271/Following-the-propagation-of-erroneous-x-ray?guestAccessKey=">study</a>&nbsp;showed otherwise. In incorrectly interpreted analyses that cited&nbsp;a single&nbsp;prominent example, the&nbsp;problem&nbsp;was usually not the&nbsp;reproduction&nbsp;of specific mistakes, but the invention of entirely new ones.&nbsp;Essentially, the&nbsp;goal was merely to include a citation from a high-impact&nbsp;journal that appeared to support the claims made in the article. Authors were therefore not copying&nbsp;particular errors, but citing superficially similar work,&nbsp;without understanding the context.Is this a manifestation of the often-discussed crisis of science? Not yet. We are still in a&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://pubs.aip.org/avs/jva/article/41/3/038501/2888098/Perspective-on-improving-the-quality-of-surface">pre-crisis stage</a>. We could speak of a true crisis, were&nbsp;the entire body of scientific literature&nbsp;to&nbsp;become worthless because we were&nbsp;no longer able to&nbsp;determine&nbsp;what is true and what is not. We are not there yet. However, the results of the&nbsp;above-mentioned&nbsp;studies&nbsp;1suggest that we are heading in that direction.Everything begins with scientists themselves. To avoid such a crisis, efforts must be made on many fronts. In the past, XPS analysis was the domain of specialists. Today, however, it is used by scientists and students from many&nbsp;different backgrounds, who are often trained only to&nbsp;operate&nbsp;the spectrometer, not to interpret the measured data. For them, it is just one of many methods used to assemble the mosaic of a new publication. But do they have enough time to deeply understand every method they use, when they are expected to publish,&nbsp;and&nbsp;above all, to&nbsp;publish quickly?<h4>Am I Sure that what I write Is True?</h4>We must pay close attention to education: scientists need to be taught how to&nbsp;properly work with XPS data. To this end, we have written a&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266652392300168X?via%3Dihub">summary</a>&nbsp;of the most common mistakes and how to avoid them. But papers alone are not enough. Last year,&nbsp;therefore,&nbsp;I began offering a two-day course at CEITEC BUT, in which I primarily teach the physics and chemistry underlying the method, followed only afterward by mathematical&nbsp;modelling, while also highlighting the most common sources of error. Since we live in a fast-paced world, I also prepared a short&nbsp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.24756">text</a>&nbsp;summarizing the basics of XPS in 20 minutes. Because even 20 minutes can prevent most of the fundamental mistakes in spectral interpretation.Unfortunately, this is not just an XPS story. Similar situations may exist in other analytical methods and in other scientific disciplines as well.&nbsp;So&nbsp;what can we do about it? I believe the most&nbsp;important step&nbsp;is a change in mindset. Every (co-)author should honestly ask themselves before&nbsp;submitting&nbsp;a publication&nbsp;–&nbsp;and answer honestly: “Am I sure that what we are writing is true?”<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/CEITEC_Jakub_Rozboud_Vice_dat_mene_pochopeni_pripadova_studie_XPS_ecd45c1452.jpg" alt="CEITEC/Jakub Rozboud: More Data, Less Understanding: An XPS Case Study: Jan Čechal, CEITEC Brno University of Technology. " srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_CEITEC_Jakub_Rozboud_Vice_dat_mene_pochopeni_pripadova_studie_XPS_ecd45c1452.jpg 235w," sizes="100vw" width="1600" height="1067">

More Data, Less Understanding: An XPS Case Study 

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Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer

Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus and UV-2700i Plus spectrophotometers deliver high performance with flexible wavelength ranges, advanced optics, and efficient software control.

<h4>Versatile, Expandable Mid-Range UV Spectrophotometers for Diverse Applications</h4><section><section><section><ul><li>The UV-2600i Plus is a single monochromator system with an expandable wavelength range up to 1400 nm using an optional integrating sphere, making it adaptable for various needs.</li><li>The UV-2700i Plus is a double monochromator system capable of 8-Abs measurements, ideal for low transmittance samples.</li></ul>Both models come equipped with the intuitive Shimadzu LabSolutions UV-Vis software, ensuring data integrity and ease of use. Additionally, these spectrophotometers can be scheduled to shut down or enter sleep mode to save power and lamp life, and can automatically wake up at a specified time, enhancing efficiency. Elevate your analysis with these versatile and efficient spectrophotometers.<h3>Features</h3><h3>Perfect for a Wide Variety of Applications</h3>The functionality of the UV-2600i Plus /2700i Plus can be freely expanded to suit the measurement objective. By accommodating a wealth of accessories, the system can address any user’s applications and a variety of situations. Thanks to intuitive operations, anyone can easily obtain the data required.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_e5efa72f19.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer.jpg" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_e5efa72f19.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1040" height="561"><h5>Single monochromator UV-2600i Plus</h5>A key feature of the UV-2600i Plus equipped with a single monochromator is its measurement wavelength range. By using the optional ISR-2600Plus Integrating Sphere attachment, the measurement wavelength range can be extended from 220 nm to 1400 nm, significantly expanding its applications.Integrating Sphere Enables Measurements to 1400 nmThe UV-2600i Plus is equipped with Shimadzu's proprietary LO-RAY-LIGH™ grade diffraction grating, which achieves high efficiency and low stray light levels. By installing the ISR-2600Plus two-detector integrating sphere, the 300 nm to 1100 nm wavelength range of conventional models can be extended to 1400 nm. In addition, the UV-2600i achieves a significant noise reduction, and can accommodate measurements of solar cell anti-reflective films and polycrystalline silicon wafers.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_11_40f2d1e598.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_11_40f2d1e598.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="365" height="228"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_12_b71fa50d8f.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_12_b71fa50d8f.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1052" height="433"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_13_6adf0a1565.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_13_6adf0a1565.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1052" height="466"><h4>Measures Slight Differences in Absorbance</h4>Equipped with a double monochromator that achieves ultra-low stray light levels, the UV-2700i Plus is optimal for measuring low transmittance samples, such as polarization films used for LCD panels. The UV-2700i Plus is capable of 8 Abs measurements, and can make accurate transmittance measurements to 1 part in 100 million, accommodating a variety of sample measurements.Achieves Ultra-Low Stray Light, Enabling 8-Abs MeasurementsIn the case of a device equipped with a general double monochromator, the absorbance that can be covered is about 5 to 6, but the UV-2700i Plus offers a range to 8 Abs, with a transmittance value of 0.000001 % (1 part in 100 million). This system achieves high-level absorbance measurements with incomparable precision. In addition to measuring even high-concentration samples as is, eliminating the need to dilute samples, the system can be applied to evaluating the transmission characteristics of polarization films. Wavelengths in the 400 nm to 650 nm range can be measured to 8 Abs.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_16_a08f314ee7.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_16_a08f314ee7.jpg 164w," sizes="100vw" width="511" height="485"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_14_0d004ee208.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_14_0d004ee208.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1052" height="466">Sample Polarization Film MeasurementWith the rotating film holder (image below), two film samples can be set on the same optical axis. In this example, the polarization film is rotated in the plane, and the transmittance is measured when the film transmits and blocks light.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_1_5ff393836a.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_1_5ff393836a.jpg 163w," sizes="100vw" width="397" height="381"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_2_f293cd4e0e.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_2_f293cd4e0e.jpg 184w," sizes="100vw" width="450" height="381"><h4>Enables Compliance with ER/ES Regulations and Stronger Data Management</h4><div><div>Compatible with Validation from PC SoftwareValidation can be implemented with PC software using UV validation software. In addition to simplifying daily inspections, this makes instrument performance checks and records management easier, enabling more secure regulatory compliance.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_18_1aa29e9a5d.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_18_1aa29e9a5d.jpg 232w," sizes="100vw" width="450" height="302"><ul><li>Inspection results can not only be printed but also saved to a file, so the results can be called up later for confirmation.</li><li>The inspection parameters can also be saved to separate files for periodic and routine inspections and then called up for use.</li></ul><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_19_7395087cba.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_19_7395087cba.jpg 232w," sizes="100vw" width="450" height="302"><ul><li>The user can select confirmation of instrument performance indicators as per JIS K 0115 General rules for molecular absorptiometric analysis, as well as the general test methods in the Japanese Pharmacopeia. (Order inspection jigs and reagents separately.)</li></ul>Note: Optional validation software is required to support the US Pharmacopeia and European Pharmacopeia.Support for FDA 21 CFR Part 11, PIC/S GMP Guidelines and Other Regulations and GuidelinesEnsuring the integrity of data (database management), including the user management, user authority management, and data audit trails required for compliance with FDA 21 CFR Part 11, PIC/S GMP guidelines, and other ER/ES regulations is possible.Option Software Assists with Regulation-Compliant ValidationUV validation software assists with performing the measurements and calculations required for validation. The software is included standard with UV-2600i/2700i models. In addition to routine inspections, it can also be used to perform instrument validation that is compliant with Japanese, US, and European pharmacopoeias.Assist FunctionThe instrument assists the user to ensure that measurements are performed using the correct procedure.*1<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_10_a30e63a8a4.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_1900i_Plus_UV_VIS_spectrophotometer_10_a30e63a8a4.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="1201" height="212">*1 This function can be enabled/disabled.Shutdown/Wakeup Functions<section><div>The instrument can be shut down, and put into sleep mode. Putting the instrument into sleep mode limits power consumption and helps preserve the lamp. After a long period of measurements, the instrument and software can automatically be shut down. After shutdown, the instrument can also be set to wake up automatically at a specified time. With this function, analysis can start the instant the user arrives at the laboratory.<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_15_45b844fcc9.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer" srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_15_45b844fcc9.jpg 245w," sizes="100vw" width="781" height="258"></div></section><h3>Applications</h3><h4>Electricity, Electronics, and Optics</h4>Band Gap Measurements for Compound Semiconductors<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_3_03d8793fe0.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: The diffuse reflection spectra for two types of compound semiconductors (red line: Culn0.5Ga0.5Se2, blue line: CulnSe2) used as solar cell materials were measured using the ISR-2600Plus integrating sphere. It is evident that the absorption edge (position where the reflectance drops) differs depending on the sample. This difference signifies a difference in the band gap* for these samples. (The samples were provided by Wada Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University.) The band gaps for the samples were calculated utilizing the Tauc method. The results obtained were 1.27 eV for Culn0.5Ga0.5Se2 (red line) and 0.99 eV for CulnSe2 (blue line). *The term band gap refers to the energy difference between the top of the valence band, which is full of electrons, and the bottom of the conduction band, which does not contain electrons." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_3_03d8793fe0.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="519" height="364"><h4>Chemicals</h4>Thickness Measurements of Cling Films<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_4_a5e83ed3ad.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: Undulating interference waveforms sometimes occur if light is passed through a film. The film thickness of a sample can be determined by using these interference waveforms. The figure shows transmittance data for a cling film. A clear interference waveform is produced. Utilizing optional film thickness measurement software, the film thickness is calculated as 10.4 μm. (Caution) The sample's refractive index must be entered for the film thickness calculation." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_4_a5e83ed3ad.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1038" height="728"><h4>Medicines</h4>Evaluating Thermal Stability (Tm) Analysis of Oligonucleotide Therapeutics<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_5_c80d107f38.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: Oligonucleotide therapeutics samples (9 to 60 M) were analyzed using TMSPC™-8i and 1 mm optical path length cells. Since UV-2600i Plus /2700i Plus can measure over a wide dynamic range, it is possible to perform a thermal stability analysis of nucleic acid drugs by obtaining the Tm value from the melting curve." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_5_c80d107f38.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1038" height="728"><h4>Construction</h4>Window Glass Transmission Measurements<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_6_41420fd6ba.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: Two types of window glass were measured utilizing the ISR-2600Plus integrating sphere. The sample shown by the red line is highly transparent to near-infrared light at 800 nm or more. The sample shown by the blue line, however, is apparently not very transparent to near-infrared light." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_6_41420fd6ba.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="519" height="364"><h4>Cosmetics</h4>Measurement of the Ultra Violet Protection Factor Assigned to Ultraviolet Protection Clothes<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_7_528f748880.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: The UV protection provided by clothes and an umbrella were analyzed by an ISR-2600Plus integrating sphere accessory. The transmittance spectrum of the umbrella (green) shows that very little UV radiation transmits through the umbrella. In regards to the clothing, the black areas block more UV radiation than do the white areas." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_7_528f748880.jpg 159w," sizes="100vw" width="474" height="465"><h4>Textiles</h4>Total Transmittance Spectrum of CNF<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_8_adb8c09844.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: An ISR-2600Plus integrating sphere was used to measure the total transmittance spectrum of cellulose nanofiber (CNF). Depending on the raw materials used, spectra can vary, transparency can vary, and spectral tendencies in the ultraviolet region can vary." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_8_adb8c09844.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="519" height="364"><h4>Life Sciences</h4>DNA and Protein Measurements<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_9_40a6f16a7b.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: The red and blue lines are the absorption spectra for dsDNA and BSA (bovine serum albumin), respectively. The concentration values are 45 ng/μL for dsDNA and 2.2 mg/mL for BSA." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_9_40a6f16a7b.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="519" height="364"><h4>Foods</h4>Vitamin Measurements<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_10_c7f5e10b1e.jpg" alt="Shimadzu UV-2600i Plus, UV-2700i Plus UV-VIS-NIR Spectrophotometer: This shows the absorption spectra for riboflavin (vitamin B2). The sample concentrations are, in order from the highest absorbance, 0.08, 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01 mg/mL." srcset="https://storage.googleapis.com/labrulez-bucket-strapi-h3hsga3/thumbnail_Shimadzu_UV_2600i_Plus_UV_2700i_Plus_UV_VIS_NIR_Spectrophotometer_10_c7f5e10b1e.jpg 222w," sizes="100vw" width="1038" height="728"></div></div></section></section></section>

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